If vomiting occurs, family members should immediately take the patient to the hospital to
take emergency measures, and visions to the pillow were lying, hot food and other proteins
forbidden foods.
Upper gastrointestinal bleeding rescue principles: supportive therapy, transfusion, blood
transfusions, to prevent and correct the shock, the use of appropriate drugs to stop
bleeding. Rescue the most important process to blood transfusion, and coagulation factors
with rich fresh blood. Another important measure is to rescue the bleeding. Methods include
drugs to stop bleeding, mechanical hemostasis, endoscopic vascular embolization and surgery
to stop bleeding.
① drugs to stop bleeding: portal venous pressure lead to esophageal and gastric bleeding,
should seek to reduce portal venous pressure, may be oral or intravenous infusion of
propranolol pituitrin, vasopressin and somatostatin octapeptide. At the same time using
hemostatic agents, such as vitamin K, blood safety and network, 6 - amino acid, aromatic
acid and anti-fibrinolytic Chinese Baiji powder, Callicarpa grass.
② mechanical hemostasis: The main three-balloon catheter hemostasis. Such as the use of
these drugs still no hemostatic effect, but not immediate surgical treatment should
immediately use this method. If appropriate balloon placed bits can be achieved hemostasis.
Application, Weinang inflated to more than 200-400 ml of normal charge; esophageal
inflatable sac relatively small (80 ml), because of esophageal varices is caused by gastric
vein, to live as long as the oppressed gastric vein, bleeding on to stop. If you still can
not effectively stop bleeding, should continue to increase the amount of esophageal capsule
inflated. Gastric tube was also advocated saline injection 8 mg of norepinephrine added to
gastric contraction of blood vessels, and thus continue to hemorrhage after balloon
compression have an effect. To avoid compression mucosal injury, which should be placed
every 12-hour air pressure 1-2 hours. Hemostasis measures less than 3 days, 3 days later
still bleeding should consider taking other measures.
③ endoscopic hemostasis: The conservative medical treatment fails in patients using
endoscopic sclerotherapy to stop bleeding. Acute Bleeding rate of 95% hemostatic parts of
the blood vessels for embolization, such as the bleeding site difficult to determine, and
spraying of thrombin in endoscopic hemostasis.
④ surgical treatment: The treatment of the above methods is still a lot of bleeding or
recurrent bleeding, surgical treatment should be considered, methods are: gastric and
esophageal variceal ligation; cross-section of the fundus, the stomach again - anastomosis;
if the general condition of patients is still stability will be considered for the portal
vein or splenorenal shunt anastomosis.
2010-11-17
Walking is conducive to the rehabilitation of cancer patients
Rehabilitation exercise in cancer patients, the first is to walk worthy of recommendation.
Exercise and it is not simple, not time and space constraints, in addition to bedridden
patients, all tumor patients can choose this movement.
Walking can be informal season, at any time possible. Spring Grass step, step a small river
in summer and autumn tours Lotus Lake, the winter line of pine trees, the all-win fun, a
walk and relax. Walking is also not restricted by space, both in the fields of a small
country road walk slowly, or walking the avenue in the city tour, and that wide space, green
environment, fresh air, will make exhilarating, relaxed and happy. Walking also has learned,
an old saying: "Walkers, the so-called casual and informal, and the line and stand, and the
legislature and the line, the state must hold a comfortable leisure."
Introduce you to walk under for the essentials:
(1) should be loose clothing, shoes and socks to the right, if the elderly physically weak,
can Zhu rod and line, to ensure safety.
(2) a walk to calm, peace of mind, get rid of all other thoughts.
(3) walking to be easy, like strolling, the Lotus clear, internal and external coordination
to achieve the peace of the whole body blood.
(4) the gradual, within our capabilities. Time may be longer or shorter, so that shape labor
and tireless, Wuling gas called on lack of breath.
(5) Walking time: First, take a walk early in the morning, between exposure to flowers and
trees, you can cool the spirit of adjustable blood. Second, take a walk after eating, the
ancients said: "Stop the stomach after a meal of food, will be put on hold a few hundred
paces, bulk of its gas to lose in the spleen, while the iron is easy to corrupt." Third,
take a walk before going to bed, the spirit can relax and promote sleep . Other times, can
walk, Insist, for a long time will benefit
Exercise and it is not simple, not time and space constraints, in addition to bedridden
patients, all tumor patients can choose this movement.
Walking can be informal season, at any time possible. Spring Grass step, step a small river
in summer and autumn tours Lotus Lake, the winter line of pine trees, the all-win fun, a
walk and relax. Walking is also not restricted by space, both in the fields of a small
country road walk slowly, or walking the avenue in the city tour, and that wide space, green
environment, fresh air, will make exhilarating, relaxed and happy. Walking also has learned,
an old saying: "Walkers, the so-called casual and informal, and the line and stand, and the
legislature and the line, the state must hold a comfortable leisure."
Introduce you to walk under for the essentials:
(1) should be loose clothing, shoes and socks to the right, if the elderly physically weak,
can Zhu rod and line, to ensure safety.
(2) a walk to calm, peace of mind, get rid of all other thoughts.
(3) walking to be easy, like strolling, the Lotus clear, internal and external coordination
to achieve the peace of the whole body blood.
(4) the gradual, within our capabilities. Time may be longer or shorter, so that shape labor
and tireless, Wuling gas called on lack of breath.
(5) Walking time: First, take a walk early in the morning, between exposure to flowers and
trees, you can cool the spirit of adjustable blood. Second, take a walk after eating, the
ancients said: "Stop the stomach after a meal of food, will be put on hold a few hundred
paces, bulk of its gas to lose in the spleen, while the iron is easy to corrupt." Third,
take a walk before going to bed, the spirit can relax and promote sleep . Other times, can
walk, Insist, for a long time will benefit
Minimally invasive treatment of gynecological cancer awareness
Recognizing high-tech equipment
This amazing technology is known as the "key hole" in the completion of the minimally
invasive surgery, which is mainly laparoscopy, hysteroscopy, and other advanced equipment,
Laparoscopy and hysteroscopy so what is it? Us together Meet.
Laparoscopic System is an international advanced endoscopic techniques and image display
technology in a sophisticated medical equipment, not only can be used in gynecology, like
medicine, surgery and so can use it for clinical diagnosis and use of a variety of minimally
invasive surgery .
It mainly consists of imaging systems, image transmission coupling system, display and
recording and reproduction systems, lighting systems, pneumatic systems and surgical
instruments composed of six parts, each part has a different division of labor, after a
doctor's delicate operation, you can get excellent surgery effects, can confirm the
diagnosis, removal of gynecological cancer (tumor).
The optical system uses hysteroscopy rod lens and the multilayer film of advanced
technology, large field of view, high definition, good light transmission, color fidelity,
at present, which in endometrial polyps, uterine fibroids, and other house cavity physical
diagnosis and treatment of cancer patients is the role of any inspection method can not be
replaced.
Experience high-tech effects
Besides c-sections, such as uterine fibroids, ovarian cysts, endometriosis, fallopian tube
recanalization, hysterectomy, and so can be treated minimally invasive surgery and minimally
invasive. Medical use of laparoscopy, hysteroscopy, RF ablation device, such as ultrasound-
mediated devices, only the patient's abdominal incision five mm holes; in the display,
lesions were enlarged about 4 times, doctors monitor screen can be carried out surgery, the
patient little or no damage other parts. After surgery, a Band-Aid will be able to cover the
wound, the body recover quickly.
Widely used intrauterine hysteroscopic examination, diagnosis and treatment of intrauterine
adhesions and infertility treatment. The vagina into the uterine cavity by hysteroscopy, the
uterine cavity can be directly observed the situation. Surgery without anesthesia or in the
minor can be carried out under anesthesia, takes about half an hour or so, no bruises, no
hospital, checked the rest for one hour to go home. It has a trauma, quicker recovery, the
treatment completely and so on.
This amazing technology is known as the "key hole" in the completion of the minimally
invasive surgery, which is mainly laparoscopy, hysteroscopy, and other advanced equipment,
Laparoscopy and hysteroscopy so what is it? Us together Meet.
Laparoscopic System is an international advanced endoscopic techniques and image display
technology in a sophisticated medical equipment, not only can be used in gynecology, like
medicine, surgery and so can use it for clinical diagnosis and use of a variety of minimally
invasive surgery .
It mainly consists of imaging systems, image transmission coupling system, display and
recording and reproduction systems, lighting systems, pneumatic systems and surgical
instruments composed of six parts, each part has a different division of labor, after a
doctor's delicate operation, you can get excellent surgery effects, can confirm the
diagnosis, removal of gynecological cancer (tumor).
The optical system uses hysteroscopy rod lens and the multilayer film of advanced
technology, large field of view, high definition, good light transmission, color fidelity,
at present, which in endometrial polyps, uterine fibroids, and other house cavity physical
diagnosis and treatment of cancer patients is the role of any inspection method can not be
replaced.
Experience high-tech effects
Besides c-sections, such as uterine fibroids, ovarian cysts, endometriosis, fallopian tube
recanalization, hysterectomy, and so can be treated minimally invasive surgery and minimally
invasive. Medical use of laparoscopy, hysteroscopy, RF ablation device, such as ultrasound-
mediated devices, only the patient's abdominal incision five mm holes; in the display,
lesions were enlarged about 4 times, doctors monitor screen can be carried out surgery, the
patient little or no damage other parts. After surgery, a Band-Aid will be able to cover the
wound, the body recover quickly.
Widely used intrauterine hysteroscopic examination, diagnosis and treatment of intrauterine
adhesions and infertility treatment. The vagina into the uterine cavity by hysteroscopy, the
uterine cavity can be directly observed the situation. Surgery without anesthesia or in the
minor can be carried out under anesthesia, takes about half an hour or so, no bruises, no
hospital, checked the rest for one hour to go home. It has a trauma, quicker recovery, the
treatment completely and so on.
Cancer survivors and the use of alternative medicine
August 13, 2008 - According to August 4 in Cancer, published online new research data shows
that a considerable number of cancer survivors are receiving alternative medicine (CM)
health care, and traditional courses of treatment; these survivors were more likely to use
of CM is white, female, age below 55 years of age, and high-income patients; breast and
ovarian cancer survivors were more likely to use CM, melanoma and kidney cancer survivors
are least likely to use these treatment modalities .
From the American Cancer Society, said lead author Ted Gansler, MD, breast and ovarian
cancer survivors, compared to other survivors are more likely to use the CM, this is not
just confined to women with ovarian cancer, breast cancer, also rare in men. For example,
breast and ovarian cancer patients with all forms of CM in the case, more common than the
survivors of uterine cancer, cervical cancer patients are also women. Moreover, when
considering a multivariate regression analysis of gender, age, stage of disease and many
other factors, use of cancer types is still a significant predictor of CM.
Use of alternative therapies is common in the United States, and more and more different
health status of patients receiving alternative therapies. Analysis from the 2002 National
Health Interview Survey (NHIS) data show that 31,044 bits respondents, 36% reported in the
past year received at least more than one alternative therapy. If due to pray for the health
of people using alternative therapies into the use of the definition of CM, this figure will
jump to 62%.
In reply to NHIS survey of 1,904 bits cancer survivors, 40% said in the past year, using
some form of CM, 62% said that through prayer to heal; when the control factor, cancer
survivors are still using the case of CM higher than the general population, but other
chronic diseases, almost the same symptoms.
Ganser, MD, explained that a goal of the current study is the individual personality,
demographic characteristics and medical conditions affect the health decisions, such as
whether or not to use the CM, have a better understanding. Ganser, MD, told Medscape
Oncology that, because the result of differences in cancer types, may be cancer, prognosis
and severity of symptoms, or even adverse effects, together with various cancers for a
person's feelings, and the internal network of cancer survivors in the Personality and
Social group of. Cancer survivors do with gender differences in CM diagnosis will be
affected.
For example, he pointed out that yoga is more susceptible to female cancer survivors
welcome, far better than male cancer survivors, but also seems to be a common trend in the
general population. He said that you would expect that participation in yoga class women
than men. Gender differences in cognition and shared sense of the difference may affect the
use of certain alternative therapies, the attitude of different methods, such as massage,
which involves touching, the same will be affected.
In the current study, researchers analyzed 4,931 bits of cancer survivors, the survivors are
in the initial diagnosis in 10 to 24 months to census; their analysis of these survivors
with the use of CM-related prevalence and the relationship between medical and demographic.
These participants from 11 state registries, selected randomly, and these patients are in
January 2000 to September 2003 were diagnosed among breast cancer, prostate cancer, bladder
cancer, uterine cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer or ovarian cancer, melanoma or skin
cancer, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. These participants received by mail and telephone
survey, and asked about the use of 19 types of CM issues.
More than half of the participants were women (57.6%), mainly non-Hispanic whites (87.5%),
about than one third of participants (31.7%) younger than 65 years of age; group of patients
Nearly Sanfen II (60.5%) said that the family income of at least 40,000 U.S. dollars, and
nearly than one third more than at the university level of education (36.3%).
CM in 19 species in the study, prayer and spiritual training is the most common, 61.4% of
survivors report such CM; followed by a relaxation exercise (44.3%), faith and spiritual
convalescence (42.4%), nutritional supplements and vitamin intake (40.1%), meditation (15%),
religious consultation (11.3%) and massage (11.2%), and finally, support groups (9.7%).
Hypnosis rarely used (0.4%), feedback therapy (1.0%), acupuncture (1.2%) while the use of a
little more.
Compared with men, women regardless of use that are more common on the CM; the difference
between the sexes in the biological therapy is the smallest (odds ratio [OR], 0.719), rather
than the spirit of the mind body therapy (OR, 0.772), But the biggest gestures and body-
based learning (OR, 0.336), and energy medicine study (OR, 0.334).
August 13, 2008 - According to August 4 in Cancer, published online new research data shows
that a considerable number of cancer survivors are receiving alternative medicine (CM)
health care, and traditional courses of treatment; these survivors were more likely to use
of CM is white, female, age below 55 years of age, and high-income patients; breast and
ovarian cancer survivors were more likely to use CM, melanoma and kidney cancer survivors
are least likely to use these treatment modalities .
From the American Cancer Society, said lead author Ted Gansler, MD, breast and ovarian
cancer survivors, compared to other survivors are more likely to use the CM, this is not
just confined to women with ovarian cancer, breast cancer, also rare in men. For example,
breast and ovarian cancer patients with all forms of CM in the case, more common than the
survivors of uterine cancer, cervical cancer patients are also women. Moreover, when
considering a multivariate regression analysis of gender, age, stage of disease and many
other factors, use of cancer types is still a significant predictor of CM.
Use of alternative therapies is common in the United States, and more and more different
health status of patients receiving alternative therapies. Analysis from the 2002 National
Health Interview Survey (NHIS) data show that 31,044 bits respondents, 36% reported in the
past year received at least more than one alternative therapy. If due to pray for the health
of people using alternative therapies into the use of the definition of CM, this figure will
jump to 62%.
In reply to NHIS survey of 1,904 bits cancer survivors, 40% said in the past year, using
some form of CM, 62% said that through prayer to heal; when the control factor, cancer
survivors are still using the case of CM higher than the general population, but other
chronic diseases, almost the same symptoms.
Ganser, MD, explained that a goal of the current study is the individual personality,
demographic characteristics and medical conditions affect the health decisions, such as
whether or not to use the CM, have a better understanding. Ganser, MD, told Medscape
Oncology that, because the result of differences in cancer types, may be cancer, prognosis
and severity of symptoms, or even adverse effects, together with the different cancer for a
person's feelings, and the internal network of cancer survivors in the Personality and
Social group of. Cancer survivors do with gender differences in CM diagnosis will be
affected.
For example, he pointed out that yoga is more susceptible to female cancer survivors
welcome, far better than male cancer survivors, but also seems to be a common trend in the
general population. He said that you would expect that participation in yoga class women
than men. Gender differences in cognition and shared sense of the difference may affect the
use of certain alternative therapies, the attitude of different methods, such as massage,
which involves touching, the same will be affected.
In the current study, researchers analyzed 4,931 bits of cancer survivors, the survivors are
in the initial diagnosis in 10 to 24 months to census; their analysis of these survivors
with the use of CM-related prevalence and the relationship between medical and demographic.
These participants from 11 state registries, selected randomly, and these patients are in
January 2000 to September 2003 were diagnosed among breast cancer, prostate cancer, bladder
cancer, uterine cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer or ovarian cancer, melanoma or skin
cancer, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. These participants received by mail and telephone
survey, and asked about the use of 19 types of CM issues.
More than half of the participants were women (57.6%), mainly non-Hispanic whites (87.5%),
about than one third of participants (31.7%) younger than 65 years of age; group of patients
Nearly Sanfen II (60.5%) said that the family income of at least 40,000 U.S. dollars, and
nearly than one third more than at the university level of education (36.3%).
CM in 19 species in the study, prayer and spiritual training is the most common, 61.4% of
survivors report such CM; followed by a relaxation exercise (44.3%), faith and spiritual
convalescence (42.4%), nutritional supplements and vitamin intake (40.1%), meditation (15%),
religious consultation (11.3%) and massage (11.2%), and finally, support groups (9.7%).
Hypnosis rarely used (0.4%), feedback therapy (1.0%), acupuncture (1.2%) while the use of a
little more.
Compared with men, women regardless of use that are more common on the CM; the difference
between the sexes in the biological therapy is the smallest (odds ratio [OR], 0.719), rather
than the spirit of the mind body therapy (OR, 0.772), But the biggest gestures and body-
based learning (OR, 0.336), and energy medicine study (OR, 0.334).
that a considerable number of cancer survivors are receiving alternative medicine (CM)
health care, and traditional courses of treatment; these survivors were more likely to use
of CM is white, female, age below 55 years of age, and high-income patients; breast and
ovarian cancer survivors were more likely to use CM, melanoma and kidney cancer survivors
are least likely to use these treatment modalities .
From the American Cancer Society, said lead author Ted Gansler, MD, breast and ovarian
cancer survivors, compared to other survivors are more likely to use the CM, this is not
just confined to women with ovarian cancer, breast cancer, also rare in men. For example,
breast and ovarian cancer patients with all forms of CM in the case, more common than the
survivors of uterine cancer, cervical cancer patients are also women. Moreover, when
considering a multivariate regression analysis of gender, age, stage of disease and many
other factors, use of cancer types is still a significant predictor of CM.
Use of alternative therapies is common in the United States, and more and more different
health status of patients receiving alternative therapies. Analysis from the 2002 National
Health Interview Survey (NHIS) data show that 31,044 bits respondents, 36% reported in the
past year received at least more than one alternative therapy. If due to pray for the health
of people using alternative therapies into the use of the definition of CM, this figure will
jump to 62%.
In reply to NHIS survey of 1,904 bits cancer survivors, 40% said in the past year, using
some form of CM, 62% said that through prayer to heal; when the control factor, cancer
survivors are still using the case of CM higher than the general population, but other
chronic diseases, almost the same symptoms.
Ganser, MD, explained that a goal of the current study is the individual personality,
demographic characteristics and medical conditions affect the health decisions, such as
whether or not to use the CM, have a better understanding. Ganser, MD, told Medscape
Oncology that, because the result of differences in cancer types, may be cancer, prognosis
and severity of symptoms, or even adverse effects, together with various cancers for a
person's feelings, and the internal network of cancer survivors in the Personality and
Social group of. Cancer survivors do with gender differences in CM diagnosis will be
affected.
For example, he pointed out that yoga is more susceptible to female cancer survivors
welcome, far better than male cancer survivors, but also seems to be a common trend in the
general population. He said that you would expect that participation in yoga class women
than men. Gender differences in cognition and shared sense of the difference may affect the
use of certain alternative therapies, the attitude of different methods, such as massage,
which involves touching, the same will be affected.
In the current study, researchers analyzed 4,931 bits of cancer survivors, the survivors are
in the initial diagnosis in 10 to 24 months to census; their analysis of these survivors
with the use of CM-related prevalence and the relationship between medical and demographic.
These participants from 11 state registries, selected randomly, and these patients are in
January 2000 to September 2003 were diagnosed among breast cancer, prostate cancer, bladder
cancer, uterine cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer or ovarian cancer, melanoma or skin
cancer, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. These participants received by mail and telephone
survey, and asked about the use of 19 types of CM issues.
More than half of the participants were women (57.6%), mainly non-Hispanic whites (87.5%),
about than one third of participants (31.7%) younger than 65 years of age; group of patients
Nearly Sanfen II (60.5%) said that the family income of at least 40,000 U.S. dollars, and
nearly than one third more than at the university level of education (36.3%).
CM in 19 species in the study, prayer and spiritual training is the most common, 61.4% of
survivors report such CM; followed by a relaxation exercise (44.3%), faith and spiritual
convalescence (42.4%), nutritional supplements and vitamin intake (40.1%), meditation (15%),
religious consultation (11.3%) and massage (11.2%), and finally, support groups (9.7%).
Hypnosis rarely used (0.4%), feedback therapy (1.0%), acupuncture (1.2%) while the use of a
little more.
Compared with men, women regardless of use that are more common on the CM; the difference
between the sexes in the biological therapy is the smallest (odds ratio [OR], 0.719), rather
than the spirit of the mind body therapy (OR, 0.772), But the biggest gestures and body-
based learning (OR, 0.336), and energy medicine study (OR, 0.334).
August 13, 2008 - According to August 4 in Cancer, published online new research data shows
that a considerable number of cancer survivors are receiving alternative medicine (CM)
health care, and traditional courses of treatment; these survivors were more likely to use
of CM is white, female, age below 55 years of age, and high-income patients; breast and
ovarian cancer survivors were more likely to use CM, melanoma and kidney cancer survivors
are least likely to use these treatment modalities .
From the American Cancer Society, said lead author Ted Gansler, MD, breast and ovarian
cancer survivors, compared to other survivors are more likely to use the CM, this is not
just confined to women with ovarian cancer, breast cancer, also rare in men. For example,
breast and ovarian cancer patients with all forms of CM in the case, more common than the
survivors of uterine cancer, cervical cancer patients are also women. Moreover, when
considering a multivariate regression analysis of gender, age, stage of disease and many
other factors, use of cancer types is still a significant predictor of CM.
Use of alternative therapies is common in the United States, and more and more different
health status of patients receiving alternative therapies. Analysis from the 2002 National
Health Interview Survey (NHIS) data show that 31,044 bits respondents, 36% reported in the
past year received at least more than one alternative therapy. If due to pray for the health
of people using alternative therapies into the use of the definition of CM, this figure will
jump to 62%.
In reply to NHIS survey of 1,904 bits cancer survivors, 40% said in the past year, using
some form of CM, 62% said that through prayer to heal; when the control factor, cancer
survivors are still using the case of CM higher than the general population, but other
chronic diseases, almost the same symptoms.
Ganser, MD, explained that a goal of the current study is the individual personality,
demographic characteristics and medical conditions affect the health decisions, such as
whether or not to use the CM, have a better understanding. Ganser, MD, told Medscape
Oncology that, because the result of differences in cancer types, may be cancer, prognosis
and severity of symptoms, or even adverse effects, together with the different cancer for a
person's feelings, and the internal network of cancer survivors in the Personality and
Social group of. Cancer survivors do with gender differences in CM diagnosis will be
affected.
For example, he pointed out that yoga is more susceptible to female cancer survivors
welcome, far better than male cancer survivors, but also seems to be a common trend in the
general population. He said that you would expect that participation in yoga class women
than men. Gender differences in cognition and shared sense of the difference may affect the
use of certain alternative therapies, the attitude of different methods, such as massage,
which involves touching, the same will be affected.
In the current study, researchers analyzed 4,931 bits of cancer survivors, the survivors are
in the initial diagnosis in 10 to 24 months to census; their analysis of these survivors
with the use of CM-related prevalence and the relationship between medical and demographic.
These participants from 11 state registries, selected randomly, and these patients are in
January 2000 to September 2003 were diagnosed among breast cancer, prostate cancer, bladder
cancer, uterine cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer or ovarian cancer, melanoma or skin
cancer, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. These participants received by mail and telephone
survey, and asked about the use of 19 types of CM issues.
More than half of the participants were women (57.6%), mainly non-Hispanic whites (87.5%),
about than one third of participants (31.7%) younger than 65 years of age; group of patients
Nearly Sanfen II (60.5%) said that the family income of at least 40,000 U.S. dollars, and
nearly than one third more than at the university level of education (36.3%).
CM in 19 species in the study, prayer and spiritual training is the most common, 61.4% of
survivors report such CM; followed by a relaxation exercise (44.3%), faith and spiritual
convalescence (42.4%), nutritional supplements and vitamin intake (40.1%), meditation (15%),
religious consultation (11.3%) and massage (11.2%), and finally, support groups (9.7%).
Hypnosis rarely used (0.4%), feedback therapy (1.0%), acupuncture (1.2%) while the use of a
little more.
Compared with men, women regardless of use that are more common on the CM; the difference
between the sexes in the biological therapy is the smallest (odds ratio [OR], 0.719), rather
than the spirit of the mind body therapy (OR, 0.772), But the biggest gestures and body-
based learning (OR, 0.336), and energy medicine study (OR, 0.334).
Cancer patients during different treatment diets
Chemical treatment: chemotherapy (chemotherapy) in patients during the taste, smell changes,
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, lack of nutritional intake so that patients, resulting in water
and electrolyte imbalances. Some chemotherapy can cause stomatitis and constipation. Of loss
of appetite in patients who can use some of the usual appetizer of food preferences (such as
plum juice, fruit juice), a food with less oil or no oil to prevent nausea, eat crude fiber
foods such as leek, celery, etc. to promote bowel movements. Stomatitis who eat less
residue, easy to digest, no stimulation of soft food or semi-liquid, and eat animals, liver
and egg yolk, if necessary, vitamin B2, vitamin C. Taking dates, angelica, astragalus and
other drugs liters of blood. Avoid the simultaneous intake of hot or cold food, and to
encourage a small amount of movement before the meal.
Radiation therapy: side effects of radiotherapy treatment depends on the location and dose.
Often appear in patients with head and neck radiotherapy xerostomia, mouth ulcers. This
period of low-fat diet should be light, non-stimulating, easy to chew soft food or semi-
liquid-based, while using honeysuckle, astragalus, chrysanthemum bubble suit. The lower neck
and mediastinal radiotherapy in patients prone to swallowing difficulties caused by
esophagitis, should be given to high-quality liquid or semi-liquid, to avoid cold, hot and
spicy food. Abdominal and pelvic radiotherapy prone to diarrhea, intestinal adhesions,
intestinal obstruction, etc. of the change, and you should parenteral nutrition therapy.
Surgical treatment: head and neck surgery patients need to use nasal feeding nutrition.
Stomach and total or subtotal after the patients, reducing the stomach capacity, reduced
ability to digest, patients often restricted because of discomfort after eating food intake.
Time to eat liquids, to prevent dumping syndrome, should be thick gruel, soft rice is
appropriate, smaller meals. Intestinal surgery applications of total parenteral nutrition to
replenish nutrients.
Radiofrequency hyperthermia: hyperthermia, the patient a lot of sweat, water, electrolytes
lost more, hyperthermia patient to drink salt water 2000ml, eating foods high in sodium
potassium such as bananas, oranges, fat free broth, Eat production food such as beans and
other gas.
In addition, due to physical weakness in advanced cancer patients, reduced activity,
combined use of pain medications cause constipation caused by decreased bowel movements.
Guiding patients with multiple food rich in vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, fresh fruits
and vegetables, and contains crude fiber brown rice, beans and other foods; encourage more
water, eat carrots, garlic, jam, raw cucumber and other food to gas production increased
bowel movements, and develop good bowel habits.
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, lack of nutritional intake so that patients, resulting in water
and electrolyte imbalances. Some chemotherapy can cause stomatitis and constipation. Of loss
of appetite in patients who can use some of the usual appetizer of food preferences (such as
plum juice, fruit juice), a food with less oil or no oil to prevent nausea, eat crude fiber
foods such as leek, celery, etc. to promote bowel movements. Stomatitis who eat less
residue, easy to digest, no stimulation of soft food or semi-liquid, and eat animals, liver
and egg yolk, if necessary, vitamin B2, vitamin C. Taking dates, angelica, astragalus and
other drugs liters of blood. Avoid the simultaneous intake of hot or cold food, and to
encourage a small amount of movement before the meal.
Radiation therapy: side effects of radiotherapy treatment depends on the location and dose.
Often appear in patients with head and neck radiotherapy xerostomia, mouth ulcers. This
period of low-fat diet should be light, non-stimulating, easy to chew soft food or semi-
liquid-based, while using honeysuckle, astragalus, chrysanthemum bubble suit. The lower neck
and mediastinal radiotherapy in patients prone to swallowing difficulties caused by
esophagitis, should be given to high-quality liquid or semi-liquid, to avoid cold, hot and
spicy food. Abdominal and pelvic radiotherapy prone to diarrhea, intestinal adhesions,
intestinal obstruction, etc. of the change, and you should parenteral nutrition therapy.
Surgical treatment: head and neck surgery patients need to use nasal feeding nutrition.
Stomach and total or subtotal after the patients, reducing the stomach capacity, reduced
ability to digest, patients often restricted because of discomfort after eating food intake.
Time to eat liquids, to prevent dumping syndrome, should be thick gruel, soft rice is
appropriate, smaller meals. Intestinal surgery applications of total parenteral nutrition to
replenish nutrients.
Radiofrequency hyperthermia: hyperthermia, the patient a lot of sweat, water, electrolytes
lost more, hyperthermia patient to drink salt water 2000ml, eating foods high in sodium
potassium such as bananas, oranges, fat free broth, Eat production food such as beans and
other gas.
In addition, due to physical weakness in advanced cancer patients, reduced activity,
combined use of pain medications cause constipation caused by decreased bowel movements.
Guiding patients with multiple food rich in vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, fresh fruits
and vegetables, and contains crude fiber brown rice, beans and other foods; encourage more
water, eat carrots, garlic, jam, raw cucumber and other food to gas production increased
bowel movements, and develop good bowel habits.
2010-11-15
Asbestos dust caused by diffuse report 1 case of pleural mesothelioma
In recent decades, the incidence of mesothelioma is increasing year by year, the autopsy report of the incidence rate of 0.2%, and in the incidence of asbestos workers in up to 5% to 7%, mesothelioma, pleural mesothelioma is the most in order to , over the age of 40, 5% of pleural mesothelioma, mesothelioma, more men than women, epidemiological investigation proved closely related mesothelioma and asbestos exposure history.
1 Subjects and Methods
The clinical data of 1.1 asbestos products factory carding a workshop Lee, M, 46 years old, worked for 25 years, I recently fell ill, as to check my unit.
1.2 Clinical manifestations
1.2.1 history taking no past medical history; carding workshop on asbestos products factory for 25 years, occasional smoking, not drinking.
1.2.2 Clinical symptoms of chest pain, chest tightness, shortness of breath, cough, sputum, weight loss and other symptoms.
1.2.3 examination T37.5; P96 times / min; R24 times / min; BPl6/11KPa.
1.2.4 auscultation, decreased breath sounds on the right.
1.3 Pulmonary Function limited ventilation dysfunction, diffuse functions decreases.
2 imaging
2.1 X-ray performance
2.1.1 a small amount of pleural effusion, pleural thickening limitations, costophrenic angle disappeared.
2.1.2 the performance of several months follow-up chest x large pleural effusion, large areas of irregular pleural thickening, pleural plaque calcification without mediastinal shift, widened intercostal space, no vertebral or rib destruction.
2.2 CT image changes can be seen extensive nodular pleural thickening, a large pleural effusion, lymph nodes.
2.3 MRI changes T1W1 large flake on the irregular, slightly higher signal; T2W1 on the elongated T2 high signal. Bloody pleural effusion was a long short T1 T2 signal.
3, diffuse pleural biopsy confirmed pleural mesothelioma.
4 Discussion
4.1 Differential diagnosis
4.1.1 pleural metastatic tumors from other parts of the primary tumor metastasis to the pleura and the formation, such as a bilateral nodules of different sizes, and those separated from each other may be metastases, while the front row of the kinds of large nodular lesions may be diffuse pleural mesothelioma.
4.1.2 empyema associated with diffuse pleural thickening usually associated with narrow intercostal space, thickening of the pleura are relatively straight medial margin, and diffuse thickening of the pleura mesothelioma often wavy inner edge processes, intercostal space and not narrow, often inversely proportional to the healthy side is wide.
4.2 The disease is caused by the working environment in asbestos products diffuse pleural mesothelioma, cancer is occupational category. According to my 25-year history of exposure to asbestos dust, clinical manifestations, imaging changes and pleural biopsy diagnosis was established.
1 Subjects and Methods
The clinical data of 1.1 asbestos products factory carding a workshop Lee, M, 46 years old, worked for 25 years, I recently fell ill, as to check my unit.
1.2 Clinical manifestations
1.2.1 history taking no past medical history; carding workshop on asbestos products factory for 25 years, occasional smoking, not drinking.
1.2.2 Clinical symptoms of chest pain, chest tightness, shortness of breath, cough, sputum, weight loss and other symptoms.
1.2.3 examination T37.5; P96 times / min; R24 times / min; BPl6/11KPa.
1.2.4 auscultation, decreased breath sounds on the right.
1.3 Pulmonary Function limited ventilation dysfunction, diffuse functions decreases.
2 imaging
2.1 X-ray performance
2.1.1 a small amount of pleural effusion, pleural thickening limitations, costophrenic angle disappeared.
2.1.2 the performance of several months follow-up chest x large pleural effusion, large areas of irregular pleural thickening, pleural plaque calcification without mediastinal shift, widened intercostal space, no vertebral or rib destruction.
2.2 CT image changes can be seen extensive nodular pleural thickening, a large pleural effusion, lymph nodes.
2.3 MRI changes T1W1 large flake on the irregular, slightly higher signal; T2W1 on the elongated T2 high signal. Bloody pleural effusion was a long short T1 T2 signal.
3, diffuse pleural biopsy confirmed pleural mesothelioma.
4 Discussion
4.1 Differential diagnosis
4.1.1 pleural metastatic tumors from other parts of the primary tumor metastasis to the pleura and the formation, such as a bilateral nodules of different sizes, and those separated from each other may be metastases, while the front row of the kinds of large nodular lesions may be diffuse pleural mesothelioma.
4.1.2 empyema associated with diffuse pleural thickening usually associated with narrow intercostal space, thickening of the pleura are relatively straight medial margin, and diffuse thickening of the pleura mesothelioma often wavy inner edge processes, intercostal space and not narrow, often inversely proportional to the healthy side is wide.
4.2 The disease is caused by the working environment in asbestos products diffuse pleural mesothelioma, cancer is occupational category. According to my 25-year history of exposure to asbestos dust, clinical manifestations, imaging changes and pleural biopsy diagnosis was established.
Prone to cause mesothelioma asbestos
With a good tensile strength, heat resistance and resistance to corrosion, but also difficult to burn, asbestos - a widely used in the construction of the shield silicate mineral fibers, is still welcomed by the people. As everyone knows, is that asbestos, has become a cause of lung cancer, pleura - the first killer of malignant pleural mesothelioma.This year, the Chinese-American scientist Dr. Shi Quan successfully developed the first and only for the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma drug, is the world's largest scientific Society American Chemical Society awarded the "Heroes of Chemistry Award", which allows malignant pleural Mesothelioma once again become the focus of attention people.
Dr. Shi In an interview with "Life Times" reporter, said that at present in malignant pleural mesothelioma has been increasing worldwide trend, and the high mortality rate. The latency period of the disease 20-50 years, peak incidence in different countries, although China's growth rate is lower than the asbestos industry in Europe and America, it is still asbestos-producing countries, so in the near future will inevitably encounter peak incidence.
Dr. Shi said that the current very limited treatment of the disease, medication --- pemetrexed characteristics because of its side effects are more and more attention. "It is an anti-folate drugs, can also block cancer cell growth and division required for a key enzyme in folate synthesis led to cell death."
According to Dr. Shi introduction, pemetrexed has been strong because the toxicity was almost forced to terminate the study, researchers found that can, if the drug 3-5 days before, they begin to supplement vitamin B12 and folic acid, can control the drug toxicity, so that patients get a good quality of life, and even became the current "minimal side effects of chemotherapy drugs"
Dr. Shi In an interview with "Life Times" reporter, said that at present in malignant pleural mesothelioma has been increasing worldwide trend, and the high mortality rate. The latency period of the disease 20-50 years, peak incidence in different countries, although China's growth rate is lower than the asbestos industry in Europe and America, it is still asbestos-producing countries, so in the near future will inevitably encounter peak incidence.
Dr. Shi said that the current very limited treatment of the disease, medication --- pemetrexed characteristics because of its side effects are more and more attention. "It is an anti-folate drugs, can also block cancer cell growth and division required for a key enzyme in folate synthesis led to cell death."
According to Dr. Shi introduction, pemetrexed has been strong because the toxicity was almost forced to terminate the study, researchers found that can, if the drug 3-5 days before, they begin to supplement vitamin B12 and folic acid, can control the drug toxicity, so that patients get a good quality of life, and even became the current "minimal side effects of chemotherapy drugs"
Mesothelioma asbestos cancer
Human organs are accompanied by a protective capsule known as the skin. Instance mesothelilial peritoneal membrane (abdominal organs), pleura (lungs), pericardial (heart). Under certain conditions, protective film cells out of control and become cancer. The disease known as mesothelioma, a rare cancer caused by long-term inhalation of asbestos dust. The disease was found in those who work in shipyards, asbestos mines, factories, industrial production of asbestos products, heating, construction and other industries. Each year, about 3,000 in the United States, the majority of patients between 50-70 years old . Statistics show that commonly affect men, African Americans were more than whites. First, in-depth study in the late 1700s to do research in the 60's. Tumors can be benign or malignant mesothelioma. Malignant mesothelioma are divided into three types: ● epithelium, accounting for seventy percent of mesothelioma. ● sarcoma, accounting for 7-20%. ● mixed or biphasic, accounting for 20-35%. When asbestos fibers into the lungs breathing air travel to reach them through a large number of small channels, from their pleura. They pleural injury: skin cells to cause cancer; lung tissue caused by lung cancer; and the development of scar tissue called the lungs of asbestos. When they reached the swallowed asbestos fibers, resulting in abdominal peritoneal mesothelioma. Research shows that this disease only manifests 20-50 years after asbestos dust was. The symptoms rather than specific disease patients may evolve: ● breathing. ● Chest pain accompanied by tension caused by the accumulation of pleural fluid is believed to be. ● low back pain. ● facial swelling and weapons. ● sensory loss. ● Muscle weakness. ● nausea. ● vomiting. ● weight loss is unknown. ● persistent dry cough. ● sore throat. ● anemia. ● fever. ● constipation. ● problems and blood clots. Because of these common ailments, patients tend to ignore symptoms. It is best to consult a doctor if any of these symptoms persist or you think you have knowingly or unknowingly exposed to asbestos. The doctor will: ● Remove the detailed history and try to determine the symptoms and risk factors. ● a thorough physical examination and check marks: Australia pleural effusion, chest cavity fluid accumulation. Australia peritoneal fluid. O pericardial effusion, fluid in the lining of the heart. ● to take chest X-ray examination, pleural thickening and calcification, lower lung fissures. ● required CT scans to determine a specific location, size, and extent of the problem, if there is any doubt. ● Organization recommend testing samples and pleural fluid. Other risk factors are cigarette or cigar smoking, radiation exposure, zeolite is a compound similar to asbestos exposure or infection exposure activated, a monkey virus. The working environment of those adventures are put on protective clothing, suspended particles around the periodic inspection of asbestos and to ensure that they have regular medical examinations to doctors insisted that any disease. Aware of their problems, and contribute to disease.
Mesothelioma cancer treatment asbestos cancer
Mesothelioma is a slurry of the lining of various organs in the body of a cancer disease. Among them, lung, heart and stomach to be most affected.
Estimated that each year 2,000 new mesothelioma case report. Patients suffering from this disease have pre-cancer asbestos exposure, mesothelioma that the only known cause. Mesotheliomic patients often tell 6 - 12 months short of the survival period. However, the study doctors specialized in treating malignant mesothelioma of the leading cancer centers expect better survival rates. Though mesothelioma causes immense pain and suffering to the victims along with the expected short-lived, some treatments lead to the success of mesothelioma cancer tumor reduction and removal.
Mesothelioma treatment depends on many factors, including the stage of cancer, malignant cells, pathology reports to determine the nature of cancer cell cycle and the patient's age and health. The following detailed description of the selected treatment of mesothelioma.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is that the "systematic treatment" mesothelioma use drugs, chemicals and medicine to kill cancer cells with high efficiency. It is a tablet form or injected patients directly into the body. Sometimes, medicine is inserted directly into the chest, known as intrapleural chemotherapy, or into the abdomen, called intraperitoneal chemotherapy, the destruction of cancer cell growth. It has also been restricted to patients before and after surgery mesothelioma cancer growth.
Wide range of uses pemetrexed, Alimta ®, in Cisplatin (a standard platinum compound) is to treat the combination of pleural mesothelioma. Drugs by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval in February 2004. The drug work is simple: it enters the blood of patients and the killing of cancer cells in the body, when the growth of malignant cells when to stop. Vitamin B12 and folic acid drug was given to accept that some patients side effects.
Radiation or radiation therapy
Mesothelioma is a slurry of the lining of various organs in the body of a cancer disease. Among them, lung, heart and stomach to be most affected.
Estimated that each year 2,000 new mesothelioma case report. Patients suffering from this disease have pre-cancer asbestos exposure, mesothelioma that the only known cause. Mesotheliomic patients often tell 6 - 12 months short of the survival period. However, the study doctors specialized in treating malignant mesothelioma of the leading cancer centers expect better survival rates. Though mesothelioma causes immense pain and suffering to the victims along with the expected short-lived, some treatments lead to the success of mesothelioma cancer tumor reduction and removal. Rado radiation or therapy is one of the mesothelioma treatment can be used on suffer from asbestos-related cancer (mesothelioma) of the patients.
Radiation or radio therapy:
Radiation or radiation therapy is a series of high-dose radiation, the use of the place of appearance (called external radiation therapy) or internal to the mesothelioma patients to be (called internal radiation therapy). It does this by X-rays or radioactive materials are aimed at the destruction of the body parts of cancer cells.
External radiation therapy:
The external radiation therapy, the radiation through the use of X-ray and cobalt in patients irradiated region of the body. Such radiation therapy is a relatively painless way, is divided into several meetings. Although it reduced tumor size, external radiation therapy can also damage normal cells. Therefore, the idea has its place at the meeting can be repaired in normal cells the natural loss of control.
Internal radiation therapy:
Internal than external radiation therapy is radiation therapy to provide a higher amount of radiation to a clinical practice in patients with mesothelioma. This is usually to the extreme stage of cancer in those patients. In terms of internal radiation therapy, a radioactive material is placed inside the patient's tumor or radioactive fluid is given by mouth or injected into a patient. Radioactive material and then flow in the body, help in the blood and destroy cancer cells.
Radiation therapy can be performed, with or without chemotherapy after surgery to prevent mesothelioma reproduction. Doctor may also provide limited radiation therapy to patients, according to the nature of cancer, location and stage. Some side effects during radiation therapy, small, and the end of the first therapy to reduce emission of patients were recorded. Consult a professional physician about the side effects of cancer and its treatment of the details, before receiving radiotherapy.
Estimated that each year 2,000 new mesothelioma case report. Patients suffering from this disease have pre-cancer asbestos exposure, mesothelioma that the only known cause. Mesotheliomic patients often tell 6 - 12 months short of the survival period. However, the study doctors specialized in treating malignant mesothelioma of the leading cancer centers expect better survival rates. Though mesothelioma causes immense pain and suffering to the victims along with the expected short-lived, some treatments lead to the success of mesothelioma cancer tumor reduction and removal.
Mesothelioma treatment depends on many factors, including the stage of cancer, malignant cells, pathology reports to determine the nature of cancer cell cycle and the patient's age and health. The following detailed description of the selected treatment of mesothelioma.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is that the "systematic treatment" mesothelioma use drugs, chemicals and medicine to kill cancer cells with high efficiency. It is a tablet form or injected patients directly into the body. Sometimes, medicine is inserted directly into the chest, known as intrapleural chemotherapy, or into the abdomen, called intraperitoneal chemotherapy, the destruction of cancer cell growth. It has also been restricted to patients before and after surgery mesothelioma cancer growth.
Wide range of uses pemetrexed, Alimta ®, in Cisplatin (a standard platinum compound) is to treat the combination of pleural mesothelioma. Drugs by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval in February 2004. The drug work is simple: it enters the blood of patients and the killing of cancer cells in the body, when the growth of malignant cells when to stop. Vitamin B12 and folic acid drug was given to accept that some patients side effects.
Radiation or radiation therapy
Mesothelioma is a slurry of the lining of various organs in the body of a cancer disease. Among them, lung, heart and stomach to be most affected.
Estimated that each year 2,000 new mesothelioma case report. Patients suffering from this disease have pre-cancer asbestos exposure, mesothelioma that the only known cause. Mesotheliomic patients often tell 6 - 12 months short of the survival period. However, the study doctors specialized in treating malignant mesothelioma of the leading cancer centers expect better survival rates. Though mesothelioma causes immense pain and suffering to the victims along with the expected short-lived, some treatments lead to the success of mesothelioma cancer tumor reduction and removal. Rado radiation or therapy is one of the mesothelioma treatment can be used on suffer from asbestos-related cancer (mesothelioma) of the patients.
Radiation or radio therapy:
Radiation or radiation therapy is a series of high-dose radiation, the use of the place of appearance (called external radiation therapy) or internal to the mesothelioma patients to be (called internal radiation therapy). It does this by X-rays or radioactive materials are aimed at the destruction of the body parts of cancer cells.
External radiation therapy:
The external radiation therapy, the radiation through the use of X-ray and cobalt in patients irradiated region of the body. Such radiation therapy is a relatively painless way, is divided into several meetings. Although it reduced tumor size, external radiation therapy can also damage normal cells. Therefore, the idea has its place at the meeting can be repaired in normal cells the natural loss of control.
Internal radiation therapy:
Internal than external radiation therapy is radiation therapy to provide a higher amount of radiation to a clinical practice in patients with mesothelioma. This is usually to the extreme stage of cancer in those patients. In terms of internal radiation therapy, a radioactive material is placed inside the patient's tumor or radioactive fluid is given by mouth or injected into a patient. Radioactive material and then flow in the body, help in the blood and destroy cancer cells.
Radiation therapy can be performed, with or without chemotherapy after surgery to prevent mesothelioma reproduction. Doctor may also provide limited radiation therapy to patients, according to the nature of cancer, location and stage. Some side effects during radiation therapy, small, and the end of the first therapy to reduce emission of patients were recorded. Consult a professional physician about the side effects of cancer and its treatment of the details, before receiving radiotherapy.
2010-11-10
How do you know whether you have liver fibrosis
Only from clinical symptoms and signs or routine laboratory tests of liver function can not
know whether there is liver fibrosis. The current method of diagnosis of liver fibrosis can
be divided into three categories:
(1) pathological diagnosis: So far, pathological examination of liver biopsy diagnosis of
liver fibrosis is still the most reliable method. By pathological examination of liver
biopsy, not only to know whether they have been developed to liver fibrosis and liver
fibrosis in the end you can find out to what extent the development, which guide clinical
treatment and prognosis helpful. Currently in clinical practice, liver biopsy equipment and
technology has a perfect system, the patient's pain is also very small, in the hands of
experienced specialists in liver disease complications are rarely serious.
(2) Diagnostic Imaging: B Chao, CT and magnetic resonance imaging and other imaging studies
can be found some signs of liver fibrosis, such as the liver contour, size, and liver
changes in signal strength in real terms. Liver blood vessel diameter and blood flow
direction, speed changes, and changes in spleen size. However, at present these imaging
studies can not yet make a diagnosis of fibrosis, more difficult to accurately determine the
severity of liver fibrosis, it is only as a secondary diagnosis.
(3) serum markers: serum indicators are currently the most widely studied method for
diagnosis of liver fibrosis, including serum type Ⅲ procollagen amino terminal propeptide
(P-Ⅲ-P), Ⅲ procollagen (PC-Ⅲ), Ⅳ collagen, hyaluronic acid (HA), laminin (1N) and so is
widely used. The level of these serum markers and liver biopsy diagnosis is closely related
to the severity of liver fibrosis, which can be used for diagnosis of liver fibrosis. After
all, as a result of liver biopsy is more direct, for a patient, it is often difficult to
target based on a laboratory level to determine the degree of liver fibrosis. But the
advantage is taken of serum tests convenient, easy to review, if you can periodically check
(eg every six months or a year) you can increase or decrease in these indicators is to
understand the general trend of development and changes in liver fibrosis can also be
broadly understanding of the clinical effects of anti-fibrosis therapy.
What is a liver biopsy Liver biopsy Liver biopsy is, simply, is to use various methods from
the patient's liver to remove one o'clock liver tissue for pathological examination.
We know that the so-called liver disease is a problem within the liver. The internal
structure of the liver cells and liver appeared abnormal. However, long in the stomach
inside the liver, we do not see it. The internal structure of the liver cells and liver, is
even more not only because of its belly across the floor can not see, but also because cells
small size, no microscope to enlarge several times, impossible to see the hundreds of times.
Although we have a variety of tests, with advanced B-, CT, MRI, etc., but all these tests
are indirect, after all, there will be many errors. As we buy a watermelon, and then
experienced person picks across the board is not as open to look at, good or bad at a
glance, is accurate.
In fact, this cut of view - to see is the biopsy. Is there a liver disease, what is the
nature of disease and severity of how to provide the most definitive answers, only through
the liver tissue under the microscope and the case of liver cells, before reaching a
conclusion. So pathological examination is the final diagnosis magistrate.
Because biopsy unparalleled irreplaceable importance, so are active in clinical biopsy to
minimize diagnostic errors, and the progress of the disease to make the most accurate
evaluation. Surgeons remove the tumor, the first cut on the operating table, the tumor is
often sent to do frozen section pathology to see the tumor is benign or malignant. During
the exam, the doctor can not leave the operating room surgery. When the pathology report on
the fastest test results, the surgery the doctor and then decide the next - step how to do
surgery. If it is benign, can be sewn on after the removal. If it is malignant, it must be
checked immediately around the tumor has not been transferred. Do lymph node dissection, and
even larger area of excision.
As for the blood system diseases, it is inseparable from the bone marrow biopsy, bone marrow
does not make a check, most of the blood disease is not diagnosed. Liver, too, only liver
biopsy can give the most accurate diagnosis. So we should vigorously carry out liver biopsy,
so that the patient, the doctor's diagnosis and to treatment, prognosis is good for.
know whether there is liver fibrosis. The current method of diagnosis of liver fibrosis can
be divided into three categories:
(1) pathological diagnosis: So far, pathological examination of liver biopsy diagnosis of
liver fibrosis is still the most reliable method. By pathological examination of liver
biopsy, not only to know whether they have been developed to liver fibrosis and liver
fibrosis in the end you can find out to what extent the development, which guide clinical
treatment and prognosis helpful. Currently in clinical practice, liver biopsy equipment and
technology has a perfect system, the patient's pain is also very small, in the hands of
experienced specialists in liver disease complications are rarely serious.
(2) Diagnostic Imaging: B Chao, CT and magnetic resonance imaging and other imaging studies
can be found some signs of liver fibrosis, such as the liver contour, size, and liver
changes in signal strength in real terms. Liver blood vessel diameter and blood flow
direction, speed changes, and changes in spleen size. However, at present these imaging
studies can not yet make a diagnosis of fibrosis, more difficult to accurately determine the
severity of liver fibrosis, it is only as a secondary diagnosis.
(3) serum markers: serum indicators are currently the most widely studied method for
diagnosis of liver fibrosis, including serum type Ⅲ procollagen amino terminal propeptide
(P-Ⅲ-P), Ⅲ procollagen (PC-Ⅲ), Ⅳ collagen, hyaluronic acid (HA), laminin (1N) and so is
widely used. The level of these serum markers and liver biopsy diagnosis is closely related
to the severity of liver fibrosis, which can be used for diagnosis of liver fibrosis. After
all, as a result of liver biopsy is more direct, for a patient, it is often difficult to
target based on a laboratory level to determine the degree of liver fibrosis. But the
advantage is taken of serum tests convenient, easy to review, if you can periodically check
(eg every six months or a year) you can increase or decrease in these indicators is to
understand the general trend of development and changes in liver fibrosis can also be
broadly understanding of the clinical effects of anti-fibrosis therapy.
What is a liver biopsy Liver biopsy Liver biopsy is, simply, is to use various methods from
the patient's liver to remove one o'clock liver tissue for pathological examination.
We know that the so-called liver disease is a problem within the liver. The internal
structure of the liver cells and liver appeared abnormal. However, long in the stomach
inside the liver, we do not see it. The internal structure of the liver cells and liver, is
even more not only because of its belly across the floor can not see, but also because cells
small size, no microscope to enlarge several times, impossible to see the hundreds of times.
Although we have a variety of tests, with advanced B-, CT, MRI, etc., but all these tests
are indirect, after all, there will be many errors. As we buy a watermelon, and then
experienced person picks across the board is not as open to look at, good or bad at a
glance, is accurate.
In fact, this cut of view - to see is the biopsy. Is there a liver disease, what is the
nature of disease and severity of how to provide the most definitive answers, only through
the liver tissue under the microscope and the case of liver cells, before reaching a
conclusion. So pathological examination is the final diagnosis magistrate.
Because biopsy unparalleled irreplaceable importance, so are active in clinical biopsy to
minimize diagnostic errors, and the progress of the disease to make the most accurate
evaluation. Surgeons remove the tumor, the first cut on the operating table, the tumor is
often sent to do frozen section pathology to see the tumor is benign or malignant. During
the exam, the doctor can not leave the operating room surgery. When the pathology report on
the fastest test results, the surgery the doctor and then decide the next - step how to do
surgery. If it is benign, can be sewn on after the removal. If it is malignant, it must be
checked immediately around the tumor has not been transferred. Do lymph node dissection, and
even larger area of excision.
As for the blood system diseases, it is inseparable from the bone marrow biopsy, bone marrow
does not make a check, most of the blood disease is not diagnosed. Liver, too, only liver
biopsy can give the most accurate diagnosis. So we should vigorously carry out liver biopsy,
so that the patient, the doctor's diagnosis and to treatment, prognosis is good for.
Serological test of liver fibrosis (liver fiber four)
Description:
Without creating a simple check of the advantages of this, but the accuracy is not high,
only as a reference and a preliminary screening and grading the degree of fibrosis, or rely
on pathological examination (liver biopsy) to determine the quantitative indicators of liver
fibrosis testing, general radioimmunoassay, the general determination of the four, it is
also referred to the liver fiber four.
Clinical significance of reference:
1, serum hyaluronic acid (HA) mainly by the liver endothelial cell uptake of decomposition,
a small amount of small molecules also increased from glomerular filtration. When the liver,
impaired renal function, serum HA increased, and increased with the disease and showed an
increasing trend. Detection of serum HA could reflect the development and outcome of hepatic
fibrosis.
2, laminin (LN), also known as laminin. A structural glycoprotein present in basement
membrane of the transparent layer. And liver fibrosis there is an important relationship is
the main basis for portal hypertension occurs. LN levels in serum are often associated with
type Ⅳ collagen, hyaluronic acid and other parallel, portal hypertension, especially in the
diagnosis of hepatic fibrosis has important value.
Without creating a simple check of the advantages of this, but the accuracy is not high,
only as a reference and a preliminary screening and grading the degree of fibrosis, or rely
on pathological examination (liver biopsy) to determine the quantitative indicators of liver
fibrosis testing, general radioimmunoassay, the general determination of the four, it is
also referred to the liver fiber four.
Clinical significance of reference:
1, serum hyaluronic acid (HA) mainly by the liver endothelial cell uptake of decomposition,
a small amount of small molecules also increased from glomerular filtration. When the liver,
impaired renal function, serum HA increased, and increased with the disease and showed an
increasing trend. Detection of serum HA could reflect the development and outcome of hepatic
fibrosis.
2, laminin (LN), also known as laminin. A structural glycoprotein present in basement
membrane of the transparent layer. And liver fibrosis there is an important relationship is
the main basis for portal hypertension occurs. LN levels in serum are often associated with
type Ⅳ collagen, hyaluronic acid and other parallel, portal hypertension, especially in the
diagnosis of hepatic fibrosis has important value.
Alcoholic liver fibrosis clinical manifestations
Alcoholic liver fibrosis and the general non-specific symptoms, like alcohol. China-Japan
Friendship Hospital, 45 patients with alcoholic liver fibrosis according to the number of
symptoms and signs appear in the order as follows: 82.25 weakness, abdominal distension
66.7%, liver pain, anorexia 42.2%, 47%, 31% of limbs, numbness, memory loss and 22%,
diarrhea and sexual dysfunction was 11% each. Hepatomegaly 60%, 33% of liver palms, spider
angioma 29%, while the approval of which very little swelling.
Laboratory tests are nonspecific, but the pay is significantly increased GGT. The group
followed by GGT, triglyceride (TG) increased 60% and 58%, T BiL increased 49%, AST increased
total 42.2%, ALT increased 36%, D BiL share increased 33%, ALP 28.8% higher, while the
coagulation plasminogen activity decreased only 22%.
Iturriaga.H report (1993) GGT, and AST is a good determination of alcoholic liver injury
indicators, such as GGT> 110U, correctly forecast 80% of asymptomatic alcoholic liver
injury. Southwest Hospital Jiang Zhenghui report (1995) GGY in alcoholic liver disease in
the most characteristic expression in the alcoholic hepatitis, liver group proud to release
significantly increased GGT, alcohol quickly decreased to normal or near normal, and then
alcohol and increase in the ALT does not increase or increase is not significant.
Detection of liver fibrosis in more types of laboratory indicators, such as laminin (LN),
hyaluronic acid (HA), Ⅲ procollagen peptide (P Ⅲ P), Ⅳ collagen (Ⅳ-C) determination and
so on, each change only fibrosis of liver cells is mainly of fibrous connective tissue
extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis and degradation. The mechanism of liver fibrosis due to
the complexity of non-current single test indicators are very sensitive and specific, the
sensitivity of each weight index and characteristics of both a certain limit, and in
patients with chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis of the liver occurs when the large overlap
Therefore, only those based on serological markers of liver fibrosis specific patient / or
diagnosis of cirrhosis or to a specific patient's anti-fibrosis markers in order to improve
diagnostic accuracy.
Friendship Hospital, 45 patients with alcoholic liver fibrosis according to the number of
symptoms and signs appear in the order as follows: 82.25 weakness, abdominal distension
66.7%, liver pain, anorexia 42.2%, 47%, 31% of limbs, numbness, memory loss and 22%,
diarrhea and sexual dysfunction was 11% each. Hepatomegaly 60%, 33% of liver palms, spider
angioma 29%, while the approval of which very little swelling.
Laboratory tests are nonspecific, but the pay is significantly increased GGT. The group
followed by GGT, triglyceride (TG) increased 60% and 58%, T BiL increased 49%, AST increased
total 42.2%, ALT increased 36%, D BiL share increased 33%, ALP 28.8% higher, while the
coagulation plasminogen activity decreased only 22%.
Iturriaga.H report (1993) GGT, and AST is a good determination of alcoholic liver injury
indicators, such as GGT> 110U, correctly forecast 80% of asymptomatic alcoholic liver
injury. Southwest Hospital Jiang Zhenghui report (1995) GGY in alcoholic liver disease in
the most characteristic expression in the alcoholic hepatitis, liver group proud to release
significantly increased GGT, alcohol quickly decreased to normal or near normal, and then
alcohol and increase in the ALT does not increase or increase is not significant.
Detection of liver fibrosis in more types of laboratory indicators, such as laminin (LN),
hyaluronic acid (HA), Ⅲ procollagen peptide (P Ⅲ P), Ⅳ collagen (Ⅳ-C) determination and
so on, each change only fibrosis of liver cells is mainly of fibrous connective tissue
extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis and degradation. The mechanism of liver fibrosis due to
the complexity of non-current single test indicators are very sensitive and specific, the
sensitivity of each weight index and characteristics of both a certain limit, and in
patients with chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis of the liver occurs when the large overlap
Therefore, only those based on serological markers of liver fibrosis specific patient / or
diagnosis of cirrhosis or to a specific patient's anti-fibrosis markers in order to improve
diagnostic accuracy.
"Liver fiber four check" the results usually takes much time
Four fiber liver test results are different than the other tests, such as liver function
only of blood, and liver fibrosis in patients with primary liver cells to determine whether
there damage, the liver is somewhat hard, and if there is cirrhosis of the liver phenomenon,
so check the liver are more particular about the time of their examination results generally
longer, but usually within 3-5 days.
only of blood, and liver fibrosis in patients with primary liver cells to determine whether
there damage, the liver is somewhat hard, and if there is cirrhosis of the liver phenomenon,
so check the liver are more particular about the time of their examination results generally
longer, but usually within 3-5 days.
Total bile acid and liver fibrosis four joint determination of clinical significance in
Abstract Objective To investigate the serum hyaluronic acid (HA), laminin (LN), Ⅳ of the
original (Ⅳ C), Ⅲ procollagen (PC Ⅲ) and total bile acid (TBA) level of content in
chronic liver disease patients changes. Method of radioimmunoassay and enzyme, respectively,
in 250 patients with chronic liver disease in patients with serum HA, LN, IV C, PC Ⅲ and
the level of determination of TBA and 50 normal controls were analyzed. The results between
the groups with chronic liver disease HA, LN, PC Ⅲ, Ⅳ C and TBA levels were
significantly different (P <0.01); HA, LN, Ⅳ C, PC Ⅲ and the increasing tendency for
the TBA: chronic hepatitis (mild ) <chronic hepatitis (moderate) <chronic hepatitis (CAH)
(severe) <liver cirrhosis (LC) <liver cancer (HCC); the levels of serum HA, LN, Ⅳ C, PC
Ⅲ and TBA levels were high in the control group (P <0.01). Conclusions The combined
determination of serum HA, LN, Ⅳ C, PC Ⅲ and TBA levels, while reflecting the severity
of liver fibrosis in patients with liver disease, but also understand the inflammatory
activity and liver cell damage, the clinical diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of important
value.
Liver disease in recent years on serum markers of liver fibrosis in the detection of a new
progress, however, accurately determine the degree of liver fibrosis is currently rely
mainly on detection of liver pathology, but its limitations. So people always looking to
joint monitoring of serum markers of liver fibrosis in the development process. To
investigate the serum hyaluronic acid (HA), laminin (LN), Ⅳ of the original (Ⅳ C), Ⅲ
procollagen (PC Ⅲ) and total bile acid (TBA) in patients with chronic liver changes, we
have 250 patients with liver diseases and 50 normal subjects had serum HA, LN, Ⅳ C, PC
Ⅲ level of content and TBA test, the results reported below.
Subjects and methods
1. Survey
Hospital in-patients were patients with liver disease, male 130 cases, 120 cases of women
aged 30 to 60 years, mean age 41 ± 6 years; which is divided into: chronic hepatitis (mild)
50 cases of chronic hepatitis (moderate) 50 cases, chronic hepatitis (CAH severe 50 cases),
liver cirrhosis (LC) 50 cases of liver cancer (HCC) 50 cases. Diagnostic criteria:
hepatitis, liver cirrhosis diagnosis and clinical classification of the 1995 Fifth National
Conference on Infectious and Parasitic revised classification standards; diagnosis based on
clinical manifestations of liver cancer, AFP and B-test, CT and other results confirmed.
Normal control group of 50 patients, 25 males and 25 females, aged 29 to 58 years, mean age
40 ± 7 years old.
2. Detection.
HA, LN, Ⅳ C, PC Ⅲ using kits by radioimmunoassay using the 262 state-owned production
plants in Xi'an XH 6020γ-immune counter determined. TBA limited liability company with
technology to provide the kit, to use enzyme Hitachi 7060 automatic biochemical analyzer. 3.
Statistical methods measuring data - ± s said that differences between groups using u test,
P <0.05 was statistically significant.
Results
The group of patients with liver disease and normal control group, serum HA, LN, Ⅳ C, PC
Ⅲ, TBA levels were measured in the results were significantly different (P <0.01), and with
the severity of disease increased (P <0.01) concrete in Table 1. Table 1 The serum HA, LN,
Ⅳ C, PC Ⅲ, TBA level was (slightly) Note: The type of liver disease in patients with PC
Ⅲ, HA, LN, Ⅳ C and TBA levels of concentration and the normal control group were
significant (P <0.01). ※ moderate group and mild group compared the test items, P <0.01, △
and the moderate group and severe group comparison of the test items, P <0.01, ▲ cirrhosis
and severe HA, LN, Ⅳ C, TBA comparison , P <0.01, ● cirrhosis group and severe group
compared PC Ⅲ, P <0.05, ○ liver cancer and cirrhosis of the test items compared, P <0.01
original (Ⅳ C), Ⅲ procollagen (PC Ⅲ) and total bile acid (TBA) level of content in
chronic liver disease patients changes. Method of radioimmunoassay and enzyme, respectively,
in 250 patients with chronic liver disease in patients with serum HA, LN, IV C, PC Ⅲ and
the level of determination of TBA and 50 normal controls were analyzed. The results between
the groups with chronic liver disease HA, LN, PC Ⅲ, Ⅳ C and TBA levels were
significantly different (P <0.01); HA, LN, Ⅳ C, PC Ⅲ and the increasing tendency for
the TBA: chronic hepatitis (mild ) <chronic hepatitis (moderate) <chronic hepatitis (CAH)
(severe) <liver cirrhosis (LC) <liver cancer (HCC); the levels of serum HA, LN, Ⅳ C, PC
Ⅲ and TBA levels were high in the control group (P <0.01). Conclusions The combined
determination of serum HA, LN, Ⅳ C, PC Ⅲ and TBA levels, while reflecting the severity
of liver fibrosis in patients with liver disease, but also understand the inflammatory
activity and liver cell damage, the clinical diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of important
value.
Liver disease in recent years on serum markers of liver fibrosis in the detection of a new
progress, however, accurately determine the degree of liver fibrosis is currently rely
mainly on detection of liver pathology, but its limitations. So people always looking to
joint monitoring of serum markers of liver fibrosis in the development process. To
investigate the serum hyaluronic acid (HA), laminin (LN), Ⅳ of the original (Ⅳ C), Ⅲ
procollagen (PC Ⅲ) and total bile acid (TBA) in patients with chronic liver changes, we
have 250 patients with liver diseases and 50 normal subjects had serum HA, LN, Ⅳ C, PC
Ⅲ level of content and TBA test, the results reported below.
Subjects and methods
1. Survey
Hospital in-patients were patients with liver disease, male 130 cases, 120 cases of women
aged 30 to 60 years, mean age 41 ± 6 years; which is divided into: chronic hepatitis (mild)
50 cases of chronic hepatitis (moderate) 50 cases, chronic hepatitis (CAH severe 50 cases),
liver cirrhosis (LC) 50 cases of liver cancer (HCC) 50 cases. Diagnostic criteria:
hepatitis, liver cirrhosis diagnosis and clinical classification of the 1995 Fifth National
Conference on Infectious and Parasitic revised classification standards; diagnosis based on
clinical manifestations of liver cancer, AFP and B-test, CT and other results confirmed.
Normal control group of 50 patients, 25 males and 25 females, aged 29 to 58 years, mean age
40 ± 7 years old.
2. Detection.
HA, LN, Ⅳ C, PC Ⅲ using kits by radioimmunoassay using the 262 state-owned production
plants in Xi'an XH 6020γ-immune counter determined. TBA limited liability company with
technology to provide the kit, to use enzyme Hitachi 7060 automatic biochemical analyzer. 3.
Statistical methods measuring data - ± s said that differences between groups using u test,
P <0.05 was statistically significant.
Results
The group of patients with liver disease and normal control group, serum HA, LN, Ⅳ C, PC
Ⅲ, TBA levels were measured in the results were significantly different (P <0.01), and with
the severity of disease increased (P <0.01) concrete in Table 1. Table 1 The serum HA, LN,
Ⅳ C, PC Ⅲ, TBA level was (slightly) Note: The type of liver disease in patients with PC
Ⅲ, HA, LN, Ⅳ C and TBA levels of concentration and the normal control group were
significant (P <0.01). ※ moderate group and mild group compared the test items, P <0.01, △
and the moderate group and severe group comparison of the test items, P <0.01, ▲ cirrhosis
and severe HA, LN, Ⅳ C, TBA comparison , P <0.01, ● cirrhosis group and severe group
compared PC Ⅲ, P <0.05, ○ liver cancer and cirrhosis of the test items compared, P <0.01
The diet should be noted that liver fibrosis
1, careful medication. Drugs on the market today there are at least hundreds of harmful to
the liver, sometimes in the case of abnormal liver function, even if the normal dose can
also cause liver damage. Therefore, the most drugs go through a doctor or expert guidance.
2, eat greasy, fried, pickled products, moldy food and contain artificial colors, artificial
additives in food. Patients with liver fibrosis because of their lack of bile excretion, and
fatty foods affect the decomposition and absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, so digestion is
poor, so greasy, fried, fermented foods and pickled products such as sausage, bacon, etc.
The most Good eating is wonderful; the same time the principle of the best to take smaller
meals to reduce the burden on the digestive system.
3, eat zinc, magnesium-rich foods. Patients with liver fibrosis generally low level of serum
zinc, urinary zinc excretion increased zinc content of liver cells is also reduced,
appropriate consumption of lean pork, beef, eggs, fish and other foods more zinc. In order
to prevent the lack of magnesium ions, such as eating more green leafy vegetables, peas,
dairy products and cereals and other food.
4, the rational application of protein. The liver is the place for the synthesis of protein,
albumin synthesized by the liver every 11 to 14 grams. When liver fibrosis, the liver
protein synthesis was not well. Then need to make reasonable arrangements to protein intake,
to prevent the occurrence of hepatic encephalopathy. Can choose from a variety of sources of
protein food. To enable patients to better adapt, can be mixed to the right amount of
cheese, chicken, fish, lean meat, eggs, every day there is a reasonable amount of protein
meal.
5, appropriate to add vitamin C. Vitamin C directly involved in liver metabolism and
glycogen formation. Increase the concentration of vitamin C can protect the liver cells and
promote regeneration resistance. Ascites, the concentration of vitamin C content of blood is
equal, it should be added in the ascites, large quantities of vitamin C. Fruit should be
peeled or pressed into juice for drinking.
6, alcohol cessation, the first is the need to stay away from alcohol, because alcohol
mainly by liver metabolism, and when the liver cell is damaged, low on alcohol metabolism,
in addition to increasing burden of the liver, but also likely to cause liver function
deterioration, outweigh the benefits.
the liver, sometimes in the case of abnormal liver function, even if the normal dose can
also cause liver damage. Therefore, the most drugs go through a doctor or expert guidance.
2, eat greasy, fried, pickled products, moldy food and contain artificial colors, artificial
additives in food. Patients with liver fibrosis because of their lack of bile excretion, and
fatty foods affect the decomposition and absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, so digestion is
poor, so greasy, fried, fermented foods and pickled products such as sausage, bacon, etc.
The most Good eating is wonderful; the same time the principle of the best to take smaller
meals to reduce the burden on the digestive system.
3, eat zinc, magnesium-rich foods. Patients with liver fibrosis generally low level of serum
zinc, urinary zinc excretion increased zinc content of liver cells is also reduced,
appropriate consumption of lean pork, beef, eggs, fish and other foods more zinc. In order
to prevent the lack of magnesium ions, such as eating more green leafy vegetables, peas,
dairy products and cereals and other food.
4, the rational application of protein. The liver is the place for the synthesis of protein,
albumin synthesized by the liver every 11 to 14 grams. When liver fibrosis, the liver
protein synthesis was not well. Then need to make reasonable arrangements to protein intake,
to prevent the occurrence of hepatic encephalopathy. Can choose from a variety of sources of
protein food. To enable patients to better adapt, can be mixed to the right amount of
cheese, chicken, fish, lean meat, eggs, every day there is a reasonable amount of protein
meal.
5, appropriate to add vitamin C. Vitamin C directly involved in liver metabolism and
glycogen formation. Increase the concentration of vitamin C can protect the liver cells and
promote regeneration resistance. Ascites, the concentration of vitamin C content of blood is
equal, it should be added in the ascites, large quantities of vitamin C. Fruit should be
peeled or pressed into juice for drinking.
6, alcohol cessation, the first is the need to stay away from alcohol, because alcohol
mainly by liver metabolism, and when the liver cell is damaged, low on alcohol metabolism,
in addition to increasing burden of the liver, but also likely to cause liver function
deterioration, outweigh the benefits.
2010-11-08
ABOUT Pleural mesothelioma
MPM is the most common cause of exposure to asbestos; also infected with TB, the Ganges simian virus 40, contact nitrosamines, glass fibers, radiation, oxygen thorium, zeolite, beryllium, and hydrocyanic acid, and lipid aspiration pneumonia, may be as a risk factor, causing human genetic mutations or deletions, leading to occurrence of MPM; another study said MPM may be a family of autosomal dominant genetic disease. Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University of Cardiothoracic Surgery, ZHAO Zhi
Australia, the world's highest incidence of MPM, 20 million people over the age is 3.54/10. Around the incidence of MPM is very large, ~ 0.6/10 0.1/10 million million, the overall upward trend. Among them, the most high Dayao County of Yunnan Province, the incidence rate of 8.5/10 million per year (1977 to 1983), 17.75/10 million (1987 ~ 1995). Male to female ratio, of 2:1 ~ 3:1, 6:1 in Australia.
Incidence of asbestos exposure to MPM the first time, usually 20 to 65 years. In the nineties of last century, European and American developed countries banned the production and use of asbestos, the incidence of MPM is expected to peak around 2020. China's industrial development and labor protection lagging behind, still the use of asbestos, the incidence of MPM will continue to grow in a very long time.
Australia, the world's highest incidence of MPM, 20 million people over the age is 3.54/10. Around the incidence of MPM is very large, ~ 0.6/10 0.1/10 million million, the overall upward trend. Among them, the most high Dayao County of Yunnan Province, the incidence rate of 8.5/10 million per year (1977 to 1983), 17.75/10 million (1987 ~ 1995). Male to female ratio, of 2:1 ~ 3:1, 6:1 in Australia.
Incidence of asbestos exposure to MPM the first time, usually 20 to 65 years. In the nineties of last century, European and American developed countries banned the production and use of asbestos, the incidence of MPM is expected to peak around 2020. China's industrial development and labor protection lagging behind, still the use of asbestos, the incidence of MPM will continue to grow in a very long time.
CT diagnosis of malignant pleural mesothelioma and progress
Malignant pheural mesothelioma, MPM, is a rare, closely related to exposure to asbestos primary pleural malignancy. The incidence rate increasing year by year [1 ~ 4], atypical clinical manifestations of the disease, early diagnosis and treatment than those in difficult imaging examination to discover the best means of disease, CT is currently recognized as the best imaging inspection methods.
1 MPM the CT manifestations
1.1 more than in the surrounding localized malignant pleural, a few in the leaves of the pleura, Chengbian mound-shaped, round or oval soft tissue mass, surface finishing, can also be slightly uneven or lobulated, the majority of the tumor and pleura was obtuse angle, a few may acute angle, and the size of the tumor, the tumor is often large acute angle with the pleura, while the small, mostly obtuse, rarely pedunculated, pedunculated tumor often showed an acute angle and with the position or breathing and movement. Extrapleural layer of fat mass and clear interface, tumor density, tumor calcification even seen, the majority of enhanced scan was homogeneous enhancement, the enhanced value of the average increase 121HU, the larger the tumor enhanced heterogeneous, there are low-density cystic degeneration, hemorrhage and necrosis District, CT can show a tumor 0.5cm. Located in the cleft between the tumor often has leaves oval, smooth edges, uniform or irregular tumor adjacent pleural thickening, nodular surface uneven or changed. May be associated with pleural effusion, rib and other damage or chest wall invasion, and occasionally great mesothelioma can compress the trachea, resulting in atelectasis or mediastinal shift.
1.2 Diffuse
1.2.1 pleural thickening ring is surrounded by any level of the chest wall pleural thickening can be uneven thickness, including the involvement of mediastinal pleura throughout the hemi, or violation of surrounding lung tissue, so that smaller capacity, extensive irregular pleural thickening of the pleura to form a thick shell, was surrounded by armor-like lung, pulmonary gas gap loss, pleural cavity disappeared. Specificity of 100%.
1.2.2 parietal pleural thickening parietal pleural thickening> 1cm [5], specificity 94%.
1.2.3 refers to diffuse pleural thickening or pleural lesions in the upper and lower transverse diameter> 5cm, with a large number of pleural effusion, and mediastinal shift was no fixed form, intercostal space is not widened, narrow thorax to the lower part of the more common chest [ 2,3]. CT is easily detected in pleural effusion, lateral position can be detected <15ml of the liquid [6,7].
1.2.4 crescent irregular soft tissue mass (> 4cm) or within the margin of irregular wavy appearance, reduced pressure in varying degrees in lung tissue, pleural thickening and irregular interface with adjacent lung, pleura and nodules of varying moderately enhanced levels. Precontrast CT value of the 45 ~ 54HU, enhanced CT value of 78.6 ~ 106.2HU, increased 25 ~ 45HU, average 33HU, specificity of 94%. Mesothelioma is sometimes lower in the CT value of the plain with effusion is difficult to distinguish, but mesothelioma is obviously enhanced after injection enhancer, the two can be different.
1.2.5 pleural calcification is less common and rarely calcification within the tumor. Some scholars believe that calcification within the tumor may be the type of MPM osteosarcoma sarcoma degeneration [8] or the performance of MPM of ectopic bone formation [9].
1.2.6 asbestos pleural plaques are the most common manifestation of contact, long-term history of asbestos exposure in patients with pleural plaques visible on the CT slices, calcified pleural plaques which accounted for 67%, 26% transparent plaques [10], also seen round a small number of pulmonary Zhang. Mainly involving the lateral parietal pleura Ministry (the equivalent of 7 to 10 ribs), very few violations of apex, the anterior chest wall and costophrenic angle. HRCT is superior to the detection of pleural plaques and conventional chest CT. Aberle [11] have reported that a group of patients with pleural plaques, conventional CT in the detection rate of 93%, while HRCT was 100%. HRCT also helps pleural plaques and lung nodules, and the identification of EPF. HRCT also the early detection of pleural thickening and the leaves of the plaque.
1.2.7 Round atelectasis caused mainly due to asbestos exposure, is closely related with the occurrence of MPM [12,13], its characteristic comet tail sign of change. Including thickening of the pleura, the external mass and accumulation of bronchovascular bundles extending to the hilum. Diagnostic criteria [14 ~ 16]: (1) round or oval mass, diameter 3.5 ~ 7.0cm, and close to the pleura in the lung periphery; (2) contains blood vessels and bronchi into the mass of bending stripes, and to the lung tumor door side of the edge blur. (3) pleural thickening.
1.2.8 between the invasion and metastasis often leaves pleura, mediastinal pleura violated. Direct violation of the tumor adjacent structures such as mediastinum, pericardium, chest wall, through the posterior mediastinum to the contralateral chest or abdominal cavity through the diaphragm directly to the invasion, it was suspected MPM should be routine, including the upper abdomen scan. Lymphatic, hematogenous metastasis and ribs, vertebrae were damaged in a rare, usually occur late in the course of the disease, late distant metastasis.
1.2.9 CT and pathological relationship between CT and Pathology have a certain relationship between the type of sarcoma that affected 91% of the mediastinal pleura, interlobar pleural involvement in 87%, 48% lung involvement; and epithelial 61%, 35%, 4 %; mixed 65%, 10%, 10%; III in lymph nodes, pericardium, chest wall, no difference in the violation. Generally believed that the violations are usually broader based sarcoma [14].
1.3 MPM CT manifestations Kawashima et al [2] reported 50 cases of MPM CT were as follows: nodular pleural thickening (92%), interlobar pleural thickening (86%), pleural effusion (74%), ipsilateral pleural shrinking (42%), chest wall involvement (18%), mediastinal shift to the contralateral (14%), mesothelioma calcification (12%), rib destruction (10%), subphrenic peritoneal involvement (8%), pericardial effusion (6%), contralateral pleural involvement (4%). Ng et al [15] reported 70 cases of MPM CT showed pleural thickening (94%), pleural effusion (76%), ipsilateral pleural reduced (27%), enlargement (10%), calcified pleural plaques (16%) . CT is the most common signs of unilateral pleural thickening ring, nodular pleural thickening, pleural thickening> 1cm, and mediastinal pleural involvement [15,16].
2 stages
2.1 Butchart staging [17] and Autman staging [18] Ⅰ of: tumor confined to the parietal pleura of the "envelope" (ie involving only the unilateral pleural, lung, pericardium, and diaphragm); Ⅱ period: the tumor violations of the chest wall or mediastinal organs (ie esophagus, heart, opposite pleura), intrathoracic lymph node metastasis; Ⅲ of: tumor invasion through the diaphragm and abdominal, contralateral pleural involvement, chest lymph node metastasis; Ⅳ: distant metastasis .
2.2 Chahinian stage [19] Ⅰ on: T1N0M0; Ⅱ period: T1 ~ 2N1M0 T2N0M0; Ⅲ on: T3 any N1M0; Ⅳ of: T4 any N1M0, M1. Note: T-primary tumor; N-lymph node; M-transfer; T1: only limited to the side of the pleura (parietal pleura, visceral pleura); T2: limited to superficial invasion (diaphragm, chest fascia, the ipsilateral lung fissure); T3: local deep infiltration (chest over chest fascia); T4: extensive direct invasion (contralateral pleura, peritoneum, retroperitoneal); N0 no positive lymph nodes; N1 ipsilateral hilar lymph nodes; N2 mediastinal lymph nodes; N3 contralateral hilar lymph nodes; M0 without metastasis; M1 have bloody or lymph node metastases.
2.3 UICC staging [20] Ⅰ on: T1N0M0 T2N0M0; Ⅱ of: T1N1M0 T2N1M0; Ⅲ period: T3N0M0, T3N1M0, T1N2M0, T2N2M0, T3N2M0; Ⅳ of: any T, N3M0; T4 any N1M0; any T, any N1M1 ; clinical stage as cTNM, pathological stage as pTNM. Both the same standard. Note: T: primary tumor and scope; TX: primary tumor can not be determined; T0: No primary tumor; T1: confined to one side of the primary parietal and (or) visceral pleura; T2: tumor invasion of the ipsilateral lung thoracic vein, diaphragm, or pericardium; T3 tumors invading one of the following: ipsilateral chest wall muscle, ribs, mediastinal organs or tissues; T4: tumor invasion of one of the following: a direct violation of the contralateral pleura, or lung, a direct violation of peritoneal , retroperitoneal, or abdominal organs, neck tissue; N: lymph node; NX: regional lymph nodes can not be determined; N0: No regional lymph node metastasis; N1: ipsilateral bronchopulmonary or hilar lymph node metastasis; N2: ipsilateral mediastinal lymph node metastasis; N3: contralateral mediastinal, internal mammary, supraclavicular or scalene lymph node metastasis; M: metastasis; MX: distant metastasis can not be determined; M0: no (confirmed) distant metastasis; M1: distant metastasis.
2.4 features a variety of MPM is a rare tumor stage, there is no accurate and generally accepted staging. Application to determine whether the surgical tumor stage, prognosis, and to provide more treatment outcomes. Based only on the length of the original course of the disease to determine the surgical indication of mesothelioma, prognosis and treatment results comparing the sub-laws have been completely eliminated, is widely used staging system proposed by Butchart, etc.. Butchart and so currently the most commonly used staging method [21]. But the Butchart staging for primary tumor and metastatic lymph nodes is not accurate enough description, not possible to estimate survival, and the scholars have not talked about staging the tumor, lymph nodes and a description of the transfer (TNM) and only provide information on lymph node involvement, chest wall by invasion of the fuzzy situation. For example, a phase Ⅰ pleural tumors, including small lesions, chest free adhesions, pleural effusion, and those integrated into the thick of the tumor disappeared but there is no violation of the pleural space or contralateral mediastinal pleura who, In addition, the accuracy of the MPM incidence of lymph node metastasis and its effect on prognosis is unclear. The provisions of intrathoracic lymph node metastases in stage Ⅱ and the provisions of the chest lymph node metastasis in stage Ⅲ are empirical. The earliest clinical application of the design and scope of regional lymph node involvement and local invasion situation TNM staging system, stage, etc. Chahinian proposed staging, more accurate than the Butchart staging, but not fully reflect the open heart surgery often see, for example difficult to find T1 tumors involving the parietal and visceral pleura, the diaphragm surface has not been involved, because the MPM is a disseminated disease, where the most frequent tumor in the lower half of the thorax and diaphragm, in order to improve and harmonize MPM staging, the International Union Against Cancer (UICC) TNM staging proposed by another program, compared with the previous solution, T the provisions of more detailed description of lymph node metastasis is directly borrowed is the current internationally accepted non-small cell lung cancer standards, but whether the long-term survival with the relevant regional lymph node involvement, visceral involvement, or invasion depth information is also determined [22]. Therefore, this program also need careful clinical and pathological contrast to affirm or modify. To find a suitable stage remains a difficult task [23].
3 rating (value)
Compared with ultrasound, CT can better observe the tumor location, shape and scope, easier and pleural disease, lung tumor, and other identification of, CT localization biopsy positive rate as high as 85% or more, than the B-and high-wear breast [25,27], CT locate the site of biopsy positive rate, including pleural nodules, pleural> 10mm of regional and mediastinal pleural thickening Department. CT-guided MPM intractable pain [28] and a variety of physical, chemical treatment, is currently a hot research.
In conclusion, chest CT examination in the diagnosis of pleural mesothelioma has an important role, is the most accurate noninvasive method. By showing the degree and extent of disease and conditions involving the thoracic internal organs for disease stage, surgery is to determine the feasibility of the most reliable diagnostic method [30,31], and pleural resection or pleural pneumonectomy patients were followed up in other imaging or clinical recurrence before, CT can often suggest tumor recurrence, for monitoring the recurrence can also be used to determine the efficacy of such treatment is followed up the best way to condition changes. CT and MRI is more economical than, consider a more preferred from the titer [29]. However, the lack of specificity of CT signs, and other identifying pleural lesions seems to be difficult.
1 MPM the CT manifestations
1.1 more than in the surrounding localized malignant pleural, a few in the leaves of the pleura, Chengbian mound-shaped, round or oval soft tissue mass, surface finishing, can also be slightly uneven or lobulated, the majority of the tumor and pleura was obtuse angle, a few may acute angle, and the size of the tumor, the tumor is often large acute angle with the pleura, while the small, mostly obtuse, rarely pedunculated, pedunculated tumor often showed an acute angle and with the position or breathing and movement. Extrapleural layer of fat mass and clear interface, tumor density, tumor calcification even seen, the majority of enhanced scan was homogeneous enhancement, the enhanced value of the average increase 121HU, the larger the tumor enhanced heterogeneous, there are low-density cystic degeneration, hemorrhage and necrosis District, CT can show a tumor 0.5cm. Located in the cleft between the tumor often has leaves oval, smooth edges, uniform or irregular tumor adjacent pleural thickening, nodular surface uneven or changed. May be associated with pleural effusion, rib and other damage or chest wall invasion, and occasionally great mesothelioma can compress the trachea, resulting in atelectasis or mediastinal shift.
1.2 Diffuse
1.2.1 pleural thickening ring is surrounded by any level of the chest wall pleural thickening can be uneven thickness, including the involvement of mediastinal pleura throughout the hemi, or violation of surrounding lung tissue, so that smaller capacity, extensive irregular pleural thickening of the pleura to form a thick shell, was surrounded by armor-like lung, pulmonary gas gap loss, pleural cavity disappeared. Specificity of 100%.
1.2.2 parietal pleural thickening parietal pleural thickening> 1cm [5], specificity 94%.
1.2.3 refers to diffuse pleural thickening or pleural lesions in the upper and lower transverse diameter> 5cm, with a large number of pleural effusion, and mediastinal shift was no fixed form, intercostal space is not widened, narrow thorax to the lower part of the more common chest [ 2,3]. CT is easily detected in pleural effusion, lateral position can be detected <15ml of the liquid [6,7].
1.2.4 crescent irregular soft tissue mass (> 4cm) or within the margin of irregular wavy appearance, reduced pressure in varying degrees in lung tissue, pleural thickening and irregular interface with adjacent lung, pleura and nodules of varying moderately enhanced levels. Precontrast CT value of the 45 ~ 54HU, enhanced CT value of 78.6 ~ 106.2HU, increased 25 ~ 45HU, average 33HU, specificity of 94%. Mesothelioma is sometimes lower in the CT value of the plain with effusion is difficult to distinguish, but mesothelioma is obviously enhanced after injection enhancer, the two can be different.
1.2.5 pleural calcification is less common and rarely calcification within the tumor. Some scholars believe that calcification within the tumor may be the type of MPM osteosarcoma sarcoma degeneration [8] or the performance of MPM of ectopic bone formation [9].
1.2.6 asbestos pleural plaques are the most common manifestation of contact, long-term history of asbestos exposure in patients with pleural plaques visible on the CT slices, calcified pleural plaques which accounted for 67%, 26% transparent plaques [10], also seen round a small number of pulmonary Zhang. Mainly involving the lateral parietal pleura Ministry (the equivalent of 7 to 10 ribs), very few violations of apex, the anterior chest wall and costophrenic angle. HRCT is superior to the detection of pleural plaques and conventional chest CT. Aberle [11] have reported that a group of patients with pleural plaques, conventional CT in the detection rate of 93%, while HRCT was 100%. HRCT also helps pleural plaques and lung nodules, and the identification of EPF. HRCT also the early detection of pleural thickening and the leaves of the plaque.
1.2.7 Round atelectasis caused mainly due to asbestos exposure, is closely related with the occurrence of MPM [12,13], its characteristic comet tail sign of change. Including thickening of the pleura, the external mass and accumulation of bronchovascular bundles extending to the hilum. Diagnostic criteria [14 ~ 16]: (1) round or oval mass, diameter 3.5 ~ 7.0cm, and close to the pleura in the lung periphery; (2) contains blood vessels and bronchi into the mass of bending stripes, and to the lung tumor door side of the edge blur. (3) pleural thickening.
1.2.8 between the invasion and metastasis often leaves pleura, mediastinal pleura violated. Direct violation of the tumor adjacent structures such as mediastinum, pericardium, chest wall, through the posterior mediastinum to the contralateral chest or abdominal cavity through the diaphragm directly to the invasion, it was suspected MPM should be routine, including the upper abdomen scan. Lymphatic, hematogenous metastasis and ribs, vertebrae were damaged in a rare, usually occur late in the course of the disease, late distant metastasis.
1.2.9 CT and pathological relationship between CT and Pathology have a certain relationship between the type of sarcoma that affected 91% of the mediastinal pleura, interlobar pleural involvement in 87%, 48% lung involvement; and epithelial 61%, 35%, 4 %; mixed 65%, 10%, 10%; III in lymph nodes, pericardium, chest wall, no difference in the violation. Generally believed that the violations are usually broader based sarcoma [14].
1.3 MPM CT manifestations Kawashima et al [2] reported 50 cases of MPM CT were as follows: nodular pleural thickening (92%), interlobar pleural thickening (86%), pleural effusion (74%), ipsilateral pleural shrinking (42%), chest wall involvement (18%), mediastinal shift to the contralateral (14%), mesothelioma calcification (12%), rib destruction (10%), subphrenic peritoneal involvement (8%), pericardial effusion (6%), contralateral pleural involvement (4%). Ng et al [15] reported 70 cases of MPM CT showed pleural thickening (94%), pleural effusion (76%), ipsilateral pleural reduced (27%), enlargement (10%), calcified pleural plaques (16%) . CT is the most common signs of unilateral pleural thickening ring, nodular pleural thickening, pleural thickening> 1cm, and mediastinal pleural involvement [15,16].
2 stages
2.1 Butchart staging [17] and Autman staging [18] Ⅰ of: tumor confined to the parietal pleura of the "envelope" (ie involving only the unilateral pleural, lung, pericardium, and diaphragm); Ⅱ period: the tumor violations of the chest wall or mediastinal organs (ie esophagus, heart, opposite pleura), intrathoracic lymph node metastasis; Ⅲ of: tumor invasion through the diaphragm and abdominal, contralateral pleural involvement, chest lymph node metastasis; Ⅳ: distant metastasis .
2.2 Chahinian stage [19] Ⅰ on: T1N0M0; Ⅱ period: T1 ~ 2N1M0 T2N0M0; Ⅲ on: T3 any N1M0; Ⅳ of: T4 any N1M0, M1. Note: T-primary tumor; N-lymph node; M-transfer; T1: only limited to the side of the pleura (parietal pleura, visceral pleura); T2: limited to superficial invasion (diaphragm, chest fascia, the ipsilateral lung fissure); T3: local deep infiltration (chest over chest fascia); T4: extensive direct invasion (contralateral pleura, peritoneum, retroperitoneal); N0 no positive lymph nodes; N1 ipsilateral hilar lymph nodes; N2 mediastinal lymph nodes; N3 contralateral hilar lymph nodes; M0 without metastasis; M1 have bloody or lymph node metastases.
2.3 UICC staging [20] Ⅰ on: T1N0M0 T2N0M0; Ⅱ of: T1N1M0 T2N1M0; Ⅲ period: T3N0M0, T3N1M0, T1N2M0, T2N2M0, T3N2M0; Ⅳ of: any T, N3M0; T4 any N1M0; any T, any N1M1 ; clinical stage as cTNM, pathological stage as pTNM. Both the same standard. Note: T: primary tumor and scope; TX: primary tumor can not be determined; T0: No primary tumor; T1: confined to one side of the primary parietal and (or) visceral pleura; T2: tumor invasion of the ipsilateral lung thoracic vein, diaphragm, or pericardium; T3 tumors invading one of the following: ipsilateral chest wall muscle, ribs, mediastinal organs or tissues; T4: tumor invasion of one of the following: a direct violation of the contralateral pleura, or lung, a direct violation of peritoneal , retroperitoneal, or abdominal organs, neck tissue; N: lymph node; NX: regional lymph nodes can not be determined; N0: No regional lymph node metastasis; N1: ipsilateral bronchopulmonary or hilar lymph node metastasis; N2: ipsilateral mediastinal lymph node metastasis; N3: contralateral mediastinal, internal mammary, supraclavicular or scalene lymph node metastasis; M: metastasis; MX: distant metastasis can not be determined; M0: no (confirmed) distant metastasis; M1: distant metastasis.
2.4 features a variety of MPM is a rare tumor stage, there is no accurate and generally accepted staging. Application to determine whether the surgical tumor stage, prognosis, and to provide more treatment outcomes. Based only on the length of the original course of the disease to determine the surgical indication of mesothelioma, prognosis and treatment results comparing the sub-laws have been completely eliminated, is widely used staging system proposed by Butchart, etc.. Butchart and so currently the most commonly used staging method [21]. But the Butchart staging for primary tumor and metastatic lymph nodes is not accurate enough description, not possible to estimate survival, and the scholars have not talked about staging the tumor, lymph nodes and a description of the transfer (TNM) and only provide information on lymph node involvement, chest wall by invasion of the fuzzy situation. For example, a phase Ⅰ pleural tumors, including small lesions, chest free adhesions, pleural effusion, and those integrated into the thick of the tumor disappeared but there is no violation of the pleural space or contralateral mediastinal pleura who, In addition, the accuracy of the MPM incidence of lymph node metastasis and its effect on prognosis is unclear. The provisions of intrathoracic lymph node metastases in stage Ⅱ and the provisions of the chest lymph node metastasis in stage Ⅲ are empirical. The earliest clinical application of the design and scope of regional lymph node involvement and local invasion situation TNM staging system, stage, etc. Chahinian proposed staging, more accurate than the Butchart staging, but not fully reflect the open heart surgery often see, for example difficult to find T1 tumors involving the parietal and visceral pleura, the diaphragm surface has not been involved, because the MPM is a disseminated disease, where the most frequent tumor in the lower half of the thorax and diaphragm, in order to improve and harmonize MPM staging, the International Union Against Cancer (UICC) TNM staging proposed by another program, compared with the previous solution, T the provisions of more detailed description of lymph node metastasis is directly borrowed is the current internationally accepted non-small cell lung cancer standards, but whether the long-term survival with the relevant regional lymph node involvement, visceral involvement, or invasion depth information is also determined [22]. Therefore, this program also need careful clinical and pathological contrast to affirm or modify. To find a suitable stage remains a difficult task [23].
3 rating (value)
Compared with ultrasound, CT can better observe the tumor location, shape and scope, easier and pleural disease, lung tumor, and other identification of, CT localization biopsy positive rate as high as 85% or more, than the B-and high-wear breast [25,27], CT locate the site of biopsy positive rate, including pleural nodules, pleural> 10mm of regional and mediastinal pleural thickening Department. CT-guided MPM intractable pain [28] and a variety of physical, chemical treatment, is currently a hot research.
In conclusion, chest CT examination in the diagnosis of pleural mesothelioma has an important role, is the most accurate noninvasive method. By showing the degree and extent of disease and conditions involving the thoracic internal organs for disease stage, surgery is to determine the feasibility of the most reliable diagnostic method [30,31], and pleural resection or pleural pneumonectomy patients were followed up in other imaging or clinical recurrence before, CT can often suggest tumor recurrence, for monitoring the recurrence can also be used to determine the efficacy of such treatment is followed up the best way to condition changes. CT and MRI is more economical than, consider a more preferred from the titer [29]. However, the lack of specificity of CT signs, and other identifying pleural lesions seems to be difficult.
Response to pleural mesothelioma - the difficulties and hopes
There is a malignant tumor, the global annual incidence of 15,000 cases in the following, the incidence mainly concerned with exposure to asbestos,
Incubation period is usually 20 to 40 years, the majority of patients to the disease was discovered late, while median survival time of patients
Only 4 of 9 months, oncologists are very difficult to face it all - it is malignant pleural mesothelioma.
Recently, Eli Lilly and Company in Chengdu, "organized by the National Forum on pleural mesothelioma", the country nearly one hundred cancer professionals
Home for the first time to diagnosis and treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, treatment options and difficult problems and the latest academic research carried out. By
General Assembly and the relevant experts on interview, the reporter learned that the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma is difficult is that surgery
And little effect of conventional chemotherapy on the disease, and a target mechanism of action with three new chemotherapy drugs pemetrexed
Cypriot disodium (Pemefrexed disodium, Alimta), for the treatment of the disease brings hope.
Stripping cocoon spinning - diagnosis and treatment of many difficult
Malignant pleural mesothelioma is very familiar to many people: it is what kind of diseases? What is the original
Because it led to the occurrence? Can I prevent it from occurring? How to ... ... for the treatment of these problems,
At this forum, the Shanghai Chest Hospital, Professor Liao Meilin from the cause to the diagnosis and treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma
Tumors are discussed and analyzed.
■ exposure to asbestos is the major cause of
"Malignant pleural mesothelioma from pleural mesothelial cells, the progress is a rare malignant tumor of the chest
Tumor. "Professor Liao Meilin points clear in the nature of malignant pleural mesothelioma, then the incidence of this disease and the causes for
Introduced.
Malignant pleural mesothelioma, accounting for 5% of pleural neoplasms, accounting for 0.02% of all cancer 0.4%, the foreign hair
Disease rate was 0.07% ~ 0.11%, 0.04% incidence of domestic.
Disease in the United States now new cases each year from 2000 to 3000 cases; Western Europe the incidence is about 5000 cases per year;
Australia since 1981, incidence increased year by year, the male population of 59.8 million people the disease, women
There are 10.9 million people, of human cases reported around the world countries with the highest incidence of the disease.
Malignant pleural mesothelioma is asbestos exposure the major pathogenic factors. Studies have shown that blue asbestos can cause cancer
By 10 times, amosite, and carcinogenicity of amosite chrysotile capacity of 10 times. But it is not only a direct connection with asbestos
Contact will be risk of malignant pleural mesothelioma, a report shows, by touching the clothes of staff indirect contact
Asbestos who also malignant pleural mesothelioma. In addition, 20% of the incidence of the disease may be associated with exposure to patients
Zeolite, glass fibers, radiation, SV40 virus, thorium dioxide, and family history (autosomal dominant inheritance
) Related.
Health hazards of asbestos in industrialized countries has received increasing attention. Start the United States since 1971
Prohibiting the use of asbestos in the workplace, so far the U.S. has passed the peak of the disease occurred. Related ban in Europe
Ling Wan in the United States, the estimated peak incidence of the disease in Europe in 2020. National awareness of the dangers of asbestos exposure
Slightly later, the peak incidence is estimated the disease has not yet come.
■ Most patients are diagnosed at late stage have to
Professor Liao Meilin pointed out that almost all patients were diagnosed with pleural mesothelioma, it already has a
Some of the symptoms of cancer, usually presents severe pain, breathing difficulties, weight loss and fatigue, 95% of patients will be out
Is pleural effusion. It is important to malignant pleural mesothelioma is the most severe symptoms of pain, this is because many
Nerve endings in the pleura, the tumor growth stimulation of nerve endings, so that patients achieve the incredible pain
Level. In addition, the lung tumor compression or compression, limiting diaphragm mobility, so that patients can not breathe properly.
Other symptoms of the disease include cough, hoarseness, fever, night sweats, breath sounds decreased or disappeared, showed unilateral pleural
"Frozen breast" shape, chest movement is limited.
■ the lack of specific diagnostic criteria
"The clinical manifestations of malignant pleural mesothelioma, no typical characteristics, and tuberculous pleurisy, pleural metastasis of lung cancer
With pleural effusion in the clinical manifestations, imaging features and the nature of pleural effusion have more in common, so the capacity
Easy to pleural mesothelioma misdiagnosed as tuberculous pleurisy, pleural metastasis of lung cancer. In this regard special attention should be! "Liaomei
Professor Lin stressed.
Diagnosis of malignant pleural mesothelioma are imaging, pleural effusion smears, cytology, and pleural
Such as biopsy and thoracoscopy. A typical chest X-ray showed diffuse irregular pleural thickening of the medial and the sudden to the chest
Membrane cavity multiple nodules, wavy (If this does not exist in the lung nodules but only widespread in the pleura,
Should be vigilant.) Visible lesions of human specimens often occurred in the parietal pleura or diaphragmatic pleura, diffuse growth,
The pleural thickening, fusion occurred the formation of nodule or mass; for pleural cavity tumor growth could disappear, common bad
Dead and bleeding. Light microscope, mimicking adenocarcinoma tumor cells arranged in papillary, cable strip, adenoid structure. In addition,
Immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis of malignant pleural mesothelioma has an important position.
According to pathological type, epithelioid malignant mesothelioma are divided into type - accounting for 50% to 60%. Common tubular milk
Head shape, and solid sheet adenomatous variant; sarcomatoid type - accounting for 7% to 10%; mixed - containing epithelioid
And sarcomatoid type two components.
■ a variety of treatments simultaneously
Currently, the method of treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, including surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and combined multi-disciplinary treatment
Treatment and so on. Professor Liao Meilin them one by one were introduced.
Surgical resection of malignant pleural mesothelioma to achieve the cure for the disease is unlikely, only for early
Patients. The early detection of malignant pleural mesothelioma, diagnosis is difficult, wait until patients are often found when the disease
More than can meet the complete range of surgical resection. The goal of surgery is to relieve symptoms and reduce the tumor load, hand
Surgery often due to lesions involving very wide chest top, apex, mediastinum, and diaphragm flank, and sometimes invading
Abdominal cavity. Currently, thoracoscopic pleural resection not useful (or stripping) procedure clear cut the entire pleural stripping reports
The surgical extrapleural pneumonectomy in patients with resection from the extrapleural tumor en bloc together with the pleura, including the side
Whole lung, pericardium and diaphragm.
Post-operative radiotherapy is the adjuvant therapy of patients in order to reduce the tumor volume, preventing pleural biopsy, pleural
Mirror and the surgical wound after seeding spread. However, due to a wide range of diseases, lung tissue around the tumor was surrounded
Result of chemotherapy is very difficult.
Chemotherapy is mainly used in patients with non-surgical conditions, is the most common treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma hand
Segment. However, most chemotherapy drugs for the disease remission rate of less than 20%. Currently, Pemetrexed disodium + cisplatin,
In the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma has obvious advantages.
Malignant pleural mesothelioma multidisciplinary treatment including surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy combined immunodeficiency, gene therapy and
Photodynamic therapy.
There are reports that 14 cases combined with procarbazine radiotherapy, the median survival time was 10.9 months; 33 cases should be
Radiotherapy combined with cyclophosphamide, the median survival time was 10.8 months, while 13 patients received only radiotherapy, the median of Health
Deposit of only 7.8 months.
Malignant pleural mesothelioma, a molecular biology research found that a lot of autocrine tumor growth factor high
Degree of expression of the phenomenon (including angiogenesis factor, epidermal growth factor, cox protein), the study
Who suggested that inhibition of growth factors with the corresponding biological targets for therapeutic drugs, such as vascular endothelial growth factor
(VEGF) receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor SU5416 (semaxamib) and anti-human anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody
Body, you can block VEGF and its receptors.
There are many of malignant pleural mesothelioma is still in the multidisciplinary treatment of basic or clinical research, human
We look forward to the results of these studies come out as soon as possible.
Raise the survival rate of new treatment modalities
Tumor Hospital, Sun Yat-sen Professor of tension pemetrexed disodium as the advent of watershed, referred to the reporter
Introduce the development of the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma. He said the advent of pemetrexed disodium ago, almost all
Chemotherapy of malignant pleural mesothelioma results were negative, and only cisplatin showed 10% to 15%
Response rates, can bring people a little comfort. Pemetrexed disodium come, so that the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma
With the first line drugs, which prolong survival in the show on the advantages of reversing the malignant pleural
The plight of the treatment of skin tumors. Professor Zhang Li, respectively, related to these two different periods of study, the selection of a
Representative studies to support his above assessment.
■ poor efficacy of cisplatin alone
In 2002, an international Meta (combined research findings and results of homogeneity test system
Count method) analysis of 1965 to 2001 53 different countries of chemotherapy of malignant pleural mesothelioma
Clinical studies (involving a total of 2320 cases of patients with systemic chemotherapy) were retrospectively reviewed. The study root
According to 2320 cases of different drug in patients, divided into 4 groups. The first group of non-drug cisplatin-doxorubicin; s
Two groups of agents with non-doxorubicin and cisplatin; third group of drugs containing both doxorubicin and cisplatin; fourth group with
Also contain non-drug doxorubicin and cisplatin. Result, the first group is 23% efficient; the second group was 11%;
The third group is 28% efficient; fourth group is 11% efficient. "This shows that the treatment of patients can not
Doxorubicin, but not without cisplatin. Even so, the efficacy of cisplatin is not really encouraging. "Tension
Professor of the Meta analysis, so that journalists have a sense of mountain heavy water.
■ pemetrexed disodium and cisplatin significant clinical advantages
"In 2003, one from the 19 countries, 456 cases showed that the registration of clinical research, training and the U.S.
Qu plug disodium and cisplatin chemotherapy significantly increased in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma survival. "Soon,
Professor Zhang Li a way out again into the realm of news.
The study began in 1988. Researchers in these 456 cases 448 cases of patients (surgery and should not be missed
By chemotherapy) were divided into two groups: the first group 226 patients were treated with pemetrexed disodium (500 mg / m 2 body surface area
) And cisplatin (75 mg / m 2 body surface area) treatment; second group of 222 patients only treated with cisplatin. Two
Group were administered intravenously.
Initially, the first group had neutropenia, severe diarrhea, dry mouth and other severe lack of vitamin
Lack of toxicity. Subsequently, the researchers added the first group of folic acid and vitamin B12, which significantly reduced
The blood of drug toxicity and gastrointestinal toxicity (including drug-related deaths).
The results show that the first group, the median survival time was 12.1 months, the second group was 9.3 months; s
A group of disease progression was 5.7 months, the second group was 3.9 months; the first group of the effective rate of 41.3%
The second group, 16.7%; to add folic acid and vitamin B12 on the survival time of the first group is not adversely affected; s
A set of quality of life was significantly better in the second group.
Professor Zhang Li said that based on the results of the study in early 2004, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval of training U.S.
Qu plug disodium and cisplatin for malignant pleural mesothelioma. In mid-August of this year, access to our national drug
Food and Drug Administration approval, has officially entered China market.
Professor Zhang Li that pemetrexed disodium effect, due to its unique mechanism of action, that it is a
Species can inhibit thymidylate synthase, dihydrofolate reductase, glycine, ribose nucleoside anti-A acyltransferase leaves
Acid metabolism of chemotherapy drugs. It is the process of cell replication by interfering with folic acid-dependent metabolism play a role. This
Kinds of multi-target anti-tumor effect, it was also in Europe and the United States for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer second-line drugs.
Comprehensive use of imaging techniques improve the diagnosis
Pathology is the microscopic view, looking at macro-imaging. The famous image of China experts, Shanghai East China
Hospital Professor Zhang Guozhen to reporters in the imaging of malignant pleural mesothelioma diagnosis before the first sentence emphasizes
Is to conduct comprehensive diagnosis of the disease. Then, he was a more detailed imaging of the basic features of the disease,
The role of various diagnostic imaging techniques and imaging appear on the reasons for misjudgment were described and analyzed.
■ four key imaging features for diagnosing
"Imaging of malignant pleural mesothelioma have 4 basic characteristics: diffuse pleural thickening of the affected side, accompanied by enhanced Results
Section, and pleural effusion (60%); ipsilateral thoracic pleural contraction and collapse (25%); there chest wall, mediastinum, pericardium,
Ribs, spine and abdominal cavity metastasis (10%); ipsilateral pleural calcification (5%). "Professor Zhang Guozhen Introduction Introduction
Concise Gai. But in the next 4 analyzes the characteristics of this, he repeatedly stressed that special attention on the nodules, the
Imaging studies must be done to enhance the treatment, the tumor if it is found necessary to consider the issue nodules. The extensive pleural
Pan-thickening, and pleural effusion associated with nodules that enhance malignant pleural mesothelioma is a - can have a few nodules,
And a violation of the mediastinum, chest wall. Contraction of ipsilateral pleura and chest images prevalent in the non-collapse exposure to asbestos who suffer from
Had no pleural effusion, enhanced MRI can be seen after a wide range of nodules, and a violation of the mediastinum, pleura, this is the 2 performance.
Images show the chest wall, mediastinum, pericardium, ribs, spine, abdominal metastasis in patients with tumors more than 3 have been suffering from
Severe pain may occur. Pleural calcification of the affected images are often mistaken for clinical tuberculosis, so
Require special attention.
■ Integrated decision to reduce misdiagnosis
Professor Zhang Guozhen pointed out that in the imaging of malignant pleural mesothelioma diagnosis, traditional perspective, and chest X-ray inspection
Charles still can not be ignored, it can be found lesions, and its screening. B-can be used for patients with chest
Pumping fluids and biopsy. CT is the most commonly used for the disease, the most valuable and essential way to check. Enhanced CT scan
Scan can show pleural thickening, pleural nodules, pleural mass, especially in the TNM staging of tumor, CT
The chest was superior. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) diagnosis of the disease has important value, that is, the need was
Said chest wall, diaphragm and other fascia involvement, it can be difficult problems to solve as complementary imaging examination
Investigation. Positron emission tomography (PET) as a differential diagnosis of benign and evil nature of the tumor to some extent help
Its main value is for the TNM tumor staging and prognosis evaluation, is to complement other imaging
Charge, not as a routine use. "Uncertainty in the imaging diagnosis, the intervention should be combined with clinical data and puncture
Soft tissue biopsy or thoracoscopic comprehensive judgments, in order to make a diagnosis.
Professor Zhang Guozhen went on to misdiagnosis of patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma cases were analyzed. Patients may be
Misdiagnosed as lung cancer, miliary tuberculosis, tuberculous pleurisy with pleural effusion, pneumothorax, pulmonary tuberculosis, slow
Of lung abscess, pleural metastases and so on.
Professor Zhang Guozhen that led to misdiagnosis of patients was the main clinical symptoms of malignant pleural mesothelioma
No specific, easy and confused the symptoms of the disease; the tumor showed a diversity of imaging performance, some form
Is not easy and lung cancer, tuberculosis, lung abscess and other distinguished; pathological drawn parts are not allowed; doctors were the main
Do not attach importance to such complaints.
Professor Zhang Guozhen suggested that the cytological smears of pleural puncture, find, and nuclei associated with irregular shaped
Is a simple cuboidal or flat epithelial cells, can be combined with the typical radiographic signs of malignant pleural mesothelioma
Make a clinical diagnosis.
Jiujiang reporter Jing
Related links: TNM staging of malignant pleural mesothelioma
▲ T: primary tumor size and scope
T1a, tumor limited to ipsilateral parietal pleura, including mediastinal and diaphragmatic side of the pleura; not involving the visceral pleura.
T1b: Tumor involving the ipsilateral pleural surfaces (including the parietal or mediastinal, diaphragmatic and visceral pleura).
T2, tumor involving the ipsilateral pleural surfaces (including the parietal or mediastinal, diaphragmatic and visceral pleura), at least the next
Out an expression: involvement of the diaphragm; fusion of the visceral pleura (including leaves, split between segments) or breast tumor from the visceral
Membrane invasion of lung parenchyma.
T3, partial resection of extensive lesions but there is the possibility of involving all of the ipsilateral pleural tumor (including the parietal or longitudinal
Septum, diaphragm and visceral pleura), a manifestation of at least the following: involving thoracic fascia; invasion and mediastinal fat;
Isolated, complete resection of the tumor can be, but the soft tissue of chest wall invasion; involvement but did not invade the pericardium and myocardium.
T4, locally extensive disease technically unresectable tumor, all ipsilateral pleural involvement (including the wall
Layer or mediastinal, diaphragmatic and visceral pleura), a manifestation of at least the following: diffuse spread of tumor in the chest wall
Or showed a multifocal tumor, with or without ipsilateral rib destruction; directly through the diaphragm and peritoneal invasion; direct invasion and contralateral
Pleura; direct mediastinal invasion, and one or more organs; direct invasion and spine; tumor invasion and pericardial membrane, with or
Not associated with pericardial effusion, or tumor involving the myocardium.
▲ N: lymph node metastasis
Nx, regional lymph nodes could not be evaluated; N0, no regional lymph node metastasis; N1, metastasis to the ipsilateral bronchial
Lung or hilar lymph nodes; N2, transferred to the subcarinal or ipsilateral mediastinal lymph nodes, including ipsilateral internal mammary lymph nodes;
N3, metastasis to contralateral mediastinal lymph nodes, contralateral breast lymph nodes, ipsilateral or contralateral supraclavicular lymph node.
▲ M: distant metastasis
Mx, distant metastases could not be evaluated; M0, no distant metastasis; M1, distant metastasis;
Phase Ⅰ: Ⅰ a, including T1a, N0, M0; Ⅰ b, including T1b, N0, M0.
Phase Ⅱ: include T2, N0, M0;
Phase Ⅲ: including all T3, M0, N1, M0, N2, M0.
Ⅳ stage: including all T4.
Incubation period is usually 20 to 40 years, the majority of patients to the disease was discovered late, while median survival time of patients
Only 4 of 9 months, oncologists are very difficult to face it all - it is malignant pleural mesothelioma.
Recently, Eli Lilly and Company in Chengdu, "organized by the National Forum on pleural mesothelioma", the country nearly one hundred cancer professionals
Home for the first time to diagnosis and treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, treatment options and difficult problems and the latest academic research carried out. By
General Assembly and the relevant experts on interview, the reporter learned that the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma is difficult is that surgery
And little effect of conventional chemotherapy on the disease, and a target mechanism of action with three new chemotherapy drugs pemetrexed
Cypriot disodium (Pemefrexed disodium, Alimta), for the treatment of the disease brings hope.
Stripping cocoon spinning - diagnosis and treatment of many difficult
Malignant pleural mesothelioma is very familiar to many people: it is what kind of diseases? What is the original
Because it led to the occurrence? Can I prevent it from occurring? How to ... ... for the treatment of these problems,
At this forum, the Shanghai Chest Hospital, Professor Liao Meilin from the cause to the diagnosis and treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma
Tumors are discussed and analyzed.
■ exposure to asbestos is the major cause of
"Malignant pleural mesothelioma from pleural mesothelial cells, the progress is a rare malignant tumor of the chest
Tumor. "Professor Liao Meilin points clear in the nature of malignant pleural mesothelioma, then the incidence of this disease and the causes for
Introduced.
Malignant pleural mesothelioma, accounting for 5% of pleural neoplasms, accounting for 0.02% of all cancer 0.4%, the foreign hair
Disease rate was 0.07% ~ 0.11%, 0.04% incidence of domestic.
Disease in the United States now new cases each year from 2000 to 3000 cases; Western Europe the incidence is about 5000 cases per year;
Australia since 1981, incidence increased year by year, the male population of 59.8 million people the disease, women
There are 10.9 million people, of human cases reported around the world countries with the highest incidence of the disease.
Malignant pleural mesothelioma is asbestos exposure the major pathogenic factors. Studies have shown that blue asbestos can cause cancer
By 10 times, amosite, and carcinogenicity of amosite chrysotile capacity of 10 times. But it is not only a direct connection with asbestos
Contact will be risk of malignant pleural mesothelioma, a report shows, by touching the clothes of staff indirect contact
Asbestos who also malignant pleural mesothelioma. In addition, 20% of the incidence of the disease may be associated with exposure to patients
Zeolite, glass fibers, radiation, SV40 virus, thorium dioxide, and family history (autosomal dominant inheritance
) Related.
Health hazards of asbestos in industrialized countries has received increasing attention. Start the United States since 1971
Prohibiting the use of asbestos in the workplace, so far the U.S. has passed the peak of the disease occurred. Related ban in Europe
Ling Wan in the United States, the estimated peak incidence of the disease in Europe in 2020. National awareness of the dangers of asbestos exposure
Slightly later, the peak incidence is estimated the disease has not yet come.
■ Most patients are diagnosed at late stage have to
Professor Liao Meilin pointed out that almost all patients were diagnosed with pleural mesothelioma, it already has a
Some of the symptoms of cancer, usually presents severe pain, breathing difficulties, weight loss and fatigue, 95% of patients will be out
Is pleural effusion. It is important to malignant pleural mesothelioma is the most severe symptoms of pain, this is because many
Nerve endings in the pleura, the tumor growth stimulation of nerve endings, so that patients achieve the incredible pain
Level. In addition, the lung tumor compression or compression, limiting diaphragm mobility, so that patients can not breathe properly.
Other symptoms of the disease include cough, hoarseness, fever, night sweats, breath sounds decreased or disappeared, showed unilateral pleural
"Frozen breast" shape, chest movement is limited.
■ the lack of specific diagnostic criteria
"The clinical manifestations of malignant pleural mesothelioma, no typical characteristics, and tuberculous pleurisy, pleural metastasis of lung cancer
With pleural effusion in the clinical manifestations, imaging features and the nature of pleural effusion have more in common, so the capacity
Easy to pleural mesothelioma misdiagnosed as tuberculous pleurisy, pleural metastasis of lung cancer. In this regard special attention should be! "Liaomei
Professor Lin stressed.
Diagnosis of malignant pleural mesothelioma are imaging, pleural effusion smears, cytology, and pleural
Such as biopsy and thoracoscopy. A typical chest X-ray showed diffuse irregular pleural thickening of the medial and the sudden to the chest
Membrane cavity multiple nodules, wavy (If this does not exist in the lung nodules but only widespread in the pleura,
Should be vigilant.) Visible lesions of human specimens often occurred in the parietal pleura or diaphragmatic pleura, diffuse growth,
The pleural thickening, fusion occurred the formation of nodule or mass; for pleural cavity tumor growth could disappear, common bad
Dead and bleeding. Light microscope, mimicking adenocarcinoma tumor cells arranged in papillary, cable strip, adenoid structure. In addition,
Immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis of malignant pleural mesothelioma has an important position.
According to pathological type, epithelioid malignant mesothelioma are divided into type - accounting for 50% to 60%. Common tubular milk
Head shape, and solid sheet adenomatous variant; sarcomatoid type - accounting for 7% to 10%; mixed - containing epithelioid
And sarcomatoid type two components.
■ a variety of treatments simultaneously
Currently, the method of treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, including surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and combined multi-disciplinary treatment
Treatment and so on. Professor Liao Meilin them one by one were introduced.
Surgical resection of malignant pleural mesothelioma to achieve the cure for the disease is unlikely, only for early
Patients. The early detection of malignant pleural mesothelioma, diagnosis is difficult, wait until patients are often found when the disease
More than can meet the complete range of surgical resection. The goal of surgery is to relieve symptoms and reduce the tumor load, hand
Surgery often due to lesions involving very wide chest top, apex, mediastinum, and diaphragm flank, and sometimes invading
Abdominal cavity. Currently, thoracoscopic pleural resection not useful (or stripping) procedure clear cut the entire pleural stripping reports
The surgical extrapleural pneumonectomy in patients with resection from the extrapleural tumor en bloc together with the pleura, including the side
Whole lung, pericardium and diaphragm.
Post-operative radiotherapy is the adjuvant therapy of patients in order to reduce the tumor volume, preventing pleural biopsy, pleural
Mirror and the surgical wound after seeding spread. However, due to a wide range of diseases, lung tissue around the tumor was surrounded
Result of chemotherapy is very difficult.
Chemotherapy is mainly used in patients with non-surgical conditions, is the most common treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma hand
Segment. However, most chemotherapy drugs for the disease remission rate of less than 20%. Currently, Pemetrexed disodium + cisplatin,
In the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma has obvious advantages.
Malignant pleural mesothelioma multidisciplinary treatment including surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy combined immunodeficiency, gene therapy and
Photodynamic therapy.
There are reports that 14 cases combined with procarbazine radiotherapy, the median survival time was 10.9 months; 33 cases should be
Radiotherapy combined with cyclophosphamide, the median survival time was 10.8 months, while 13 patients received only radiotherapy, the median of Health
Deposit of only 7.8 months.
Malignant pleural mesothelioma, a molecular biology research found that a lot of autocrine tumor growth factor high
Degree of expression of the phenomenon (including angiogenesis factor, epidermal growth factor, cox protein), the study
Who suggested that inhibition of growth factors with the corresponding biological targets for therapeutic drugs, such as vascular endothelial growth factor
(VEGF) receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor SU5416 (semaxamib) and anti-human anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody
Body, you can block VEGF and its receptors.
There are many of malignant pleural mesothelioma is still in the multidisciplinary treatment of basic or clinical research, human
We look forward to the results of these studies come out as soon as possible.
Raise the survival rate of new treatment modalities
Tumor Hospital, Sun Yat-sen Professor of tension pemetrexed disodium as the advent of watershed, referred to the reporter
Introduce the development of the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma. He said the advent of pemetrexed disodium ago, almost all
Chemotherapy of malignant pleural mesothelioma results were negative, and only cisplatin showed 10% to 15%
Response rates, can bring people a little comfort. Pemetrexed disodium come, so that the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma
With the first line drugs, which prolong survival in the show on the advantages of reversing the malignant pleural
The plight of the treatment of skin tumors. Professor Zhang Li, respectively, related to these two different periods of study, the selection of a
Representative studies to support his above assessment.
■ poor efficacy of cisplatin alone
In 2002, an international Meta (combined research findings and results of homogeneity test system
Count method) analysis of 1965 to 2001 53 different countries of chemotherapy of malignant pleural mesothelioma
Clinical studies (involving a total of 2320 cases of patients with systemic chemotherapy) were retrospectively reviewed. The study root
According to 2320 cases of different drug in patients, divided into 4 groups. The first group of non-drug cisplatin-doxorubicin; s
Two groups of agents with non-doxorubicin and cisplatin; third group of drugs containing both doxorubicin and cisplatin; fourth group with
Also contain non-drug doxorubicin and cisplatin. Result, the first group is 23% efficient; the second group was 11%;
The third group is 28% efficient; fourth group is 11% efficient. "This shows that the treatment of patients can not
Doxorubicin, but not without cisplatin. Even so, the efficacy of cisplatin is not really encouraging. "Tension
Professor of the Meta analysis, so that journalists have a sense of mountain heavy water.
■ pemetrexed disodium and cisplatin significant clinical advantages
"In 2003, one from the 19 countries, 456 cases showed that the registration of clinical research, training and the U.S.
Qu plug disodium and cisplatin chemotherapy significantly increased in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma survival. "Soon,
Professor Zhang Li a way out again into the realm of news.
The study began in 1988. Researchers in these 456 cases 448 cases of patients (surgery and should not be missed
By chemotherapy) were divided into two groups: the first group 226 patients were treated with pemetrexed disodium (500 mg / m 2 body surface area
) And cisplatin (75 mg / m 2 body surface area) treatment; second group of 222 patients only treated with cisplatin. Two
Group were administered intravenously.
Initially, the first group had neutropenia, severe diarrhea, dry mouth and other severe lack of vitamin
Lack of toxicity. Subsequently, the researchers added the first group of folic acid and vitamin B12, which significantly reduced
The blood of drug toxicity and gastrointestinal toxicity (including drug-related deaths).
The results show that the first group, the median survival time was 12.1 months, the second group was 9.3 months; s
A group of disease progression was 5.7 months, the second group was 3.9 months; the first group of the effective rate of 41.3%
The second group, 16.7%; to add folic acid and vitamin B12 on the survival time of the first group is not adversely affected; s
A set of quality of life was significantly better in the second group.
Professor Zhang Li said that based on the results of the study in early 2004, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval of training U.S.
Qu plug disodium and cisplatin for malignant pleural mesothelioma. In mid-August of this year, access to our national drug
Food and Drug Administration approval, has officially entered China market.
Professor Zhang Li that pemetrexed disodium effect, due to its unique mechanism of action, that it is a
Species can inhibit thymidylate synthase, dihydrofolate reductase, glycine, ribose nucleoside anti-A acyltransferase leaves
Acid metabolism of chemotherapy drugs. It is the process of cell replication by interfering with folic acid-dependent metabolism play a role. This
Kinds of multi-target anti-tumor effect, it was also in Europe and the United States for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer second-line drugs.
Comprehensive use of imaging techniques improve the diagnosis
Pathology is the microscopic view, looking at macro-imaging. The famous image of China experts, Shanghai East China
Hospital Professor Zhang Guozhen to reporters in the imaging of malignant pleural mesothelioma diagnosis before the first sentence emphasizes
Is to conduct comprehensive diagnosis of the disease. Then, he was a more detailed imaging of the basic features of the disease,
The role of various diagnostic imaging techniques and imaging appear on the reasons for misjudgment were described and analyzed.
■ four key imaging features for diagnosing
"Imaging of malignant pleural mesothelioma have 4 basic characteristics: diffuse pleural thickening of the affected side, accompanied by enhanced Results
Section, and pleural effusion (60%); ipsilateral thoracic pleural contraction and collapse (25%); there chest wall, mediastinum, pericardium,
Ribs, spine and abdominal cavity metastasis (10%); ipsilateral pleural calcification (5%). "Professor Zhang Guozhen Introduction Introduction
Concise Gai. But in the next 4 analyzes the characteristics of this, he repeatedly stressed that special attention on the nodules, the
Imaging studies must be done to enhance the treatment, the tumor if it is found necessary to consider the issue nodules. The extensive pleural
Pan-thickening, and pleural effusion associated with nodules that enhance malignant pleural mesothelioma is a - can have a few nodules,
And a violation of the mediastinum, chest wall. Contraction of ipsilateral pleura and chest images prevalent in the non-collapse exposure to asbestos who suffer from
Had no pleural effusion, enhanced MRI can be seen after a wide range of nodules, and a violation of the mediastinum, pleura, this is the 2 performance.
Images show the chest wall, mediastinum, pericardium, ribs, spine, abdominal metastasis in patients with tumors more than 3 have been suffering from
Severe pain may occur. Pleural calcification of the affected images are often mistaken for clinical tuberculosis, so
Require special attention.
■ Integrated decision to reduce misdiagnosis
Professor Zhang Guozhen pointed out that in the imaging of malignant pleural mesothelioma diagnosis, traditional perspective, and chest X-ray inspection
Charles still can not be ignored, it can be found lesions, and its screening. B-can be used for patients with chest
Pumping fluids and biopsy. CT is the most commonly used for the disease, the most valuable and essential way to check. Enhanced CT scan
Scan can show pleural thickening, pleural nodules, pleural mass, especially in the TNM staging of tumor, CT
The chest was superior. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) diagnosis of the disease has important value, that is, the need was
Said chest wall, diaphragm and other fascia involvement, it can be difficult problems to solve as complementary imaging examination
Investigation. Positron emission tomography (PET) as a differential diagnosis of benign and evil nature of the tumor to some extent help
Its main value is for the TNM tumor staging and prognosis evaluation, is to complement other imaging
Charge, not as a routine use. "Uncertainty in the imaging diagnosis, the intervention should be combined with clinical data and puncture
Soft tissue biopsy or thoracoscopic comprehensive judgments, in order to make a diagnosis.
Professor Zhang Guozhen went on to misdiagnosis of patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma cases were analyzed. Patients may be
Misdiagnosed as lung cancer, miliary tuberculosis, tuberculous pleurisy with pleural effusion, pneumothorax, pulmonary tuberculosis, slow
Of lung abscess, pleural metastases and so on.
Professor Zhang Guozhen that led to misdiagnosis of patients was the main clinical symptoms of malignant pleural mesothelioma
No specific, easy and confused the symptoms of the disease; the tumor showed a diversity of imaging performance, some form
Is not easy and lung cancer, tuberculosis, lung abscess and other distinguished; pathological drawn parts are not allowed; doctors were the main
Do not attach importance to such complaints.
Professor Zhang Guozhen suggested that the cytological smears of pleural puncture, find, and nuclei associated with irregular shaped
Is a simple cuboidal or flat epithelial cells, can be combined with the typical radiographic signs of malignant pleural mesothelioma
Make a clinical diagnosis.
Jiujiang reporter Jing
Related links: TNM staging of malignant pleural mesothelioma
▲ T: primary tumor size and scope
T1a, tumor limited to ipsilateral parietal pleura, including mediastinal and diaphragmatic side of the pleura; not involving the visceral pleura.
T1b: Tumor involving the ipsilateral pleural surfaces (including the parietal or mediastinal, diaphragmatic and visceral pleura).
T2, tumor involving the ipsilateral pleural surfaces (including the parietal or mediastinal, diaphragmatic and visceral pleura), at least the next
Out an expression: involvement of the diaphragm; fusion of the visceral pleura (including leaves, split between segments) or breast tumor from the visceral
Membrane invasion of lung parenchyma.
T3, partial resection of extensive lesions but there is the possibility of involving all of the ipsilateral pleural tumor (including the parietal or longitudinal
Septum, diaphragm and visceral pleura), a manifestation of at least the following: involving thoracic fascia; invasion and mediastinal fat;
Isolated, complete resection of the tumor can be, but the soft tissue of chest wall invasion; involvement but did not invade the pericardium and myocardium.
T4, locally extensive disease technically unresectable tumor, all ipsilateral pleural involvement (including the wall
Layer or mediastinal, diaphragmatic and visceral pleura), a manifestation of at least the following: diffuse spread of tumor in the chest wall
Or showed a multifocal tumor, with or without ipsilateral rib destruction; directly through the diaphragm and peritoneal invasion; direct invasion and contralateral
Pleura; direct mediastinal invasion, and one or more organs; direct invasion and spine; tumor invasion and pericardial membrane, with or
Not associated with pericardial effusion, or tumor involving the myocardium.
▲ N: lymph node metastasis
Nx, regional lymph nodes could not be evaluated; N0, no regional lymph node metastasis; N1, metastasis to the ipsilateral bronchial
Lung or hilar lymph nodes; N2, transferred to the subcarinal or ipsilateral mediastinal lymph nodes, including ipsilateral internal mammary lymph nodes;
N3, metastasis to contralateral mediastinal lymph nodes, contralateral breast lymph nodes, ipsilateral or contralateral supraclavicular lymph node.
▲ M: distant metastasis
Mx, distant metastases could not be evaluated; M0, no distant metastasis; M1, distant metastasis;
Phase Ⅰ: Ⅰ a, including T1a, N0, M0; Ⅰ b, including T1b, N0, M0.
Phase Ⅱ: include T2, N0, M0;
Phase Ⅲ: including all T3, M0, N1, M0, N2, M0.
Ⅳ stage: including all T4.
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